【知识网络】
一、重点词汇与短语
1．effect的用法小结：
（1）常用来表示“结果”的意思。例如：
Effects presuppose causes.
一种结果必然会有其原因。
One of the side effects of this drug is the easiness of habit-forming.
这种药的副作用之一就是容易上瘾。
（2）常用短语：
①in effect：正在实行；实际上
The old system is still in effect. 旧制度仍有效。
He is, in effect, my rival. 实际上他是我的竞争对手。
②take effect：开始；实行；开始生效
The medicine quickly took effect. 药很快见效了。
The contract has taken effect since October 1. 本合同从十月一日起已经生效。
③to... effect：大意是…。注意：此处的to为介词，它与effect之间经常有一个表示程度的词。
例如：
He called me a fool, or words to that effect. 他叫我呆子或诸如此类的话。
④have effect(s) on/upon sb./sth.：对某人某物有影响。
have no/good/bad… effect on/upon sb./sth.：对某人某物没有/有好的/坏的…影响。
例如：
Alcoholic drink can have a bad effect on your body.
含酒精的饮料会对你身体有很坏的影响。
The medicine had no effect on him. 这种药对他没有什么作用。
（3）effect: 作为动词，它经常用作及物动词，意思是“实现”。
例如：
The reform was effected. 改革实现了。
The new minister hopes to effect changes in the government's policy.
这位新部长希望改变政府的政策。
The new manager effected several changes in the company.
新来的经理在公司里促成了好几次改革。
2． certain的用法小结：
（1）certain常用作形容词，意思是：“确实的；无疑的；可靠的，一定会的。”
例如：
The evidence is certain and the facts are clear. 证据确凿,事实清楚。
I am certain he told me to come at two o'clock. 我肯定他告诉我两点来。
There's no certain cure for this illness at present. 现在这种病尚无确实可靠的疗法。
I'm certain she saw me. 我确信她看到我了。
We are certain of victory. 我们一定会获得胜利。
Are you certain that you'll get there in time? 你有把握及时赶到那里吗?
（2）certain：指“某个人/物”。
例如：
a lady of a certain age：某个年龄的女士
He was looking for a certain book. 他在找某本书。
（3）指“有些；一些”。
例如：
Certain plants will not grow in this country. 有些植物在这个国家不能生长。
People who smoke cannot travel in certain parts of the train.
吸烟的人不能在火车的某些地方走动。
二、词义辨析
1．effect, consequence, result的区别：
（1）这三个词作为名词在一起比较的一般含义是由某种原因所产生的结果。
effect 和原因的关系是立刻性的，即马上可以看到的
Jasper has put up “No Parking” signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.
贾斯珀“把禁止停车”的牌子挂在大门外，但这没产生什么效果。
The idea to have the capital moved so far inland will have a great effect on the future of Brazil.
把首都远迁内地的这一主张对巴西的未来将产生巨大的影响。
The drug has had an immediate effect on the patient.
此药对病人立刻产生了效果。
（2）consequence 和原因的关系没有那么紧密，并非马上可以可见。
You should be responsible for all the consequences.
你应当为这一切后果承担责任。
Do you know what the consequences of your action will be?
你知道你的行为将会产生什么后果吗？
The consequence was that he caught a bad cold.
结果是他得了重感冒。
（3）result 虽然和原因关系密切，却不是立即可见，而是最后才能显示出的。比方某人头部受到沉重的一击，马上产生的脑震荡(此为effect)。脑震荡后他的身体渐渐垮了(即consequence)，最后不能从事正常工作了(即result)
When the first radio messages have been received, the results of the trip will be announced immediately.
当收到第一批无线电信息时，这次太空之行的结果将立即公布出去。
His limp is the result of a car accident last year.
他的跛足是去年一次车祸所致的结果。
注：consequence 和result 都可以用复数形式，而effect 一般常用单数，有时也用复数形式表示“结果”。
2．Produce, product 与production的区别：
（1）produce: 主要作为动词使用，意思是“出产；生产；提出；拿出”等。有时也可以作名词使用，意思是“产物，产品”，多指农产品，为不可数名词。
to produce wheat：出产小麦
That factory produces cars. 那家工厂生产小汽车。
to produce one's ticket：出示票
Can you produce any proof of your nationality? 你能出示有关你国藉的任何证件吗?
The whisky bottle was marked 'Produce of Scotland'. 这瓶威士忌酒上标有'苏格兰出品'的字样。
（2）product意义较为广泛，也是最普通的表示“产品，产物”的词，它可以用来指天然的、人造的产品，也可以用来指农产品，还可以指脑力劳动的结果等。
例如：
Petrol is the most important product of many Middle-East countries.
石油是许多中东国家最重要的产品。
The company sells plastic products. 这家公司出售塑料制品。
Criminals are sometimes the product of less education. 犯罪有时是缺乏教育的结果。
（3）production：意思是“生产，产量”。指“生产”时侧重其行为，而指“产品”时，侧重“产量”，也可以指文学作品。
例如：
the production of wheat：小麦生产
The production of corn has increased. 玉米的产量已增加。
Production of computers has increased double in the last few weeks.
近几周来电脑的产量增加了一倍。
This new theatre is becoming known for its good productions.
这家新剧院因上演节目的质量好而渐渐出名。
This book on education is his latest production.
这本论述教育的书是他的最新作品。
三、重点句型:
1．What affects do you think the changes in eating habits will have on agricultural or nature?
此句中的do you think为插入语，句子的疑问语序由do you think来体现，所以其它成分就用陈述语序。
2．It is on this arable land that farmers produce food for the whole population of China.
此句为强调句型。句中的on this arable land为状语，是被强调的成分，值得注意的是其后的连接词只能用that，而不能用where；同样表示时间的状语被强调时，也只能用that， 不用when。
例如：
It was on the morning of last Monday that I met Dr Johnson on the bus. 我是在上个星期一的早上在公共汽车上遇到的约翰逊博士。
3．Not only is food production important but also taking care of the environment.
Not only…but also…连接的句子中，当not only置于句首时，其后的句子用倒装语序。此句中，but also后的句子为省略句。
再如：
Not only will we have classes in the hall, but also the students of Class 19.
不仅我们要在大厅里上课，19班的学生也会（在大厅里上课）。
4．The temperature is controlled with computers, no matter how the weather is outside.
注意此句中的no matter how引导的是让步状语从句。be controlled with中“with”为介词意思是“用”。
再如：
No matter what I said, they wouldn’t let me in. 无论我说什么，他们也不让我进去。
The movement of the ball is controlled with a stick. 那个球的动作是用一根操作棒进行的。
四、语法复习
-ing形式作定语和宾语补足语：
1．-ing形式作定语：
（1）表示被修饰的名词是分词的动作的发出者。可以放在被修饰的词前，叫做前置定语；也可以放在其后面，叫做后置定语。单个的或者仅仅带有一个副词的分词常作前置定语；而分词短语通常作后置定语。前置定语通常表示一种相对的持久性、一种特征，更象一个形容词；后置定语比较突出分词的动作。
例如：
the weeping girl （哭泣的女孩）
a boring speaker （令人厌倦的演讲者）
freely falling body (自由落体)
the boys playing in the garden（在花园里玩耍的男孩子们）
the man standing behind her（站在她身后的男子）
（2）-ing形式短语作定语时，常常表示一个与谓语动词的动作同时发生的动作。
例如：
Do you know the man speaking to my sister?
你认识和我姐姐说话的那个人吗？
The young man sitting in the third row is a famous doctor.
坐在第三排的那个年轻人是个著名的医生。
（3）-ing形式短语在特指的名词之后作定语时，通常只含有“正在进行”的意思。但当用在一个泛指的名词之后作定语时，可以表示“进行”的意思，也可以表示一般的情况。
例如：
The students working in the factory will go back to school next week. （特指，表示正在进行。）
正在工厂工作的那些学生下周将回学校。
Matter is anything having weight and occupying space. （泛指，表示一般情况。）
凡是物质，都具有重量，并占有空间。
（4）being所引导的-ing短语不能作定语，但是其被动语态“being + v-ed”可以。
例如：
The car being repaired there is our headmaster’s.
那辆正在修理的车是我们校长的。
In Europe there are very few wooden houses being built today.
在欧洲，目前很少有人在建木头房子了。
2．-ing形式作宾语补足语：强调动作的进行。只有几类动词可以用-ing形式作宾语补足语：
表示知觉的：see, watch, notice, observe, find, think, feel, hear, smell, listen to, look at
表示“使役”的：have, make, get等。
表示“愿望”的：want, wish, expect, like等。
表示“致使”的：set, keep, catch, leave等。
表示“认为”的：regard, accept, think等。
His remark left me wondering. 他的话让我惊讶。
I hope I haven’t kept you waiting too long. 我希望我没有让你久等。
I saw her walking alone. 我看到她独自走着。
【考点透视 考例精析】
[考点] 强调句与定语从句。
[考例1] --Is it that Tom often plays computer games ________ makes his parents worry about him?
--Yes, I think so.
A．what B．that C．when D．which
[解析] Ｂ 考查强调句型以及定语从句的混合结构。被强调的部分是that引导的定语从句。而要选的that是强调句中的连接词。
[考点] 可数名词与不可数名词。
[考例2] He is a man with ________ of staying in France for 20 years.
A．experience B．experiences C．an experience D．a experience
[解析] Ｃ experience表示“经验”时，为不可数名词；表示“经历”时为可数名词。本句中，“他是一个有…经历的人”，所以应为可数名词，前面加an。
[拓展] experience表示“经验”为不可数名词。例如：
Does he have much experience in teaching?
他教学经验丰富吗？
[考点] 疑问的强调句结构。
[考例3] Why! I have nothing to confess. __________ you want me to say?
A．What is it that B．What it is that
C．How is it that D．How it is that
[解析] Ａ 注意的是：有时被强调的部分是疑问词，这时，除了注意分析疑问词的作用外，还要注意其它成分的语序。
【基础演练】
一、根据所给首字母或括号中的汉语意思填写句子空格中所缺的单词。
1．Her coat gave her p_________ from the rain.
2．The d__________ of oil on their land made the people rapidly rich.
3．Our teacher is showing us a new m__________ of writing.
4．This kind of medicine tastes b________ at first, but then it turns a little sweet.
5．It will not prove difficult to o___________ a machine like a small radio.
6． ___________(进口) of cars rose last month.
7．The playground of our school is in very good ___________(状况) now.
8．It is a __________(传统) that the young look after the old in their family.
9．___________(幸运), the planes appear to be quite safe.
10．In order to improve the ___________(产量) of grain, they have worked in the fields for 10 years.
二、单项填空：
1．“We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob _________ out of the window.
A．looking B．to look C．looked D．having looked
2．In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____________ for another hour.
A． waiting B．to wait C．wait D．to be waiting
3．_______of the land in that district ________ covered with trees and grass.
A．Two fifth, is B．Two fifth, are C．Two fifths, is D．Two fifths, are
4．–It’s a good idea. But who is going to _________ the plan?
--I think George and Jack will.
A．set aside B．carry out C．take in D．get through
5．It’s not _______ so easy as you think.
A．nearly B．almost C．most D．very
6．He was born and ________ in the countryside, so he has got into the habit of _______ early.
A．risen, getting B．raised, rising
C．grown up, getting up D．brought up, rising up
7．In early _______ farmers in China moved around and ________ more sheep and cattle.
A． times, fed B．days, feed C．time, feeding D．age, raising
8．--Did you remember to give Mary the money you owned her?
--Yes. I gave it to her _________ I saw her.
A．while B．the moment C．suddenly D．once
9．Living abroad alone is hard for me. There is not enough money ______ me ________ pretty clothes, and I must save each coin to _________ my expensive cost of school.
A．allow, buying, spend on B．allowing, to buy, pay for
C． to allow, buy, cost D．allow, to buy, take
10． Our boss said that he had debts __________$20,000 at the moment.
A．in amount B．the full amount
C．o the amount of D．a large amount of
【能力拓展】
完形填空
I told her everything that had happened to me in Dr Webber's secret brain-research Lab, out on the other side of Crystal Town. I showed her the photos I had 1 taken with a hidden micro-camera. I told her about my best friend--Plummet, who had 2 with me. I told her how he was afraid to come to the police, She 3 again.
"Don't you worry, Mr Serge. You've got nothing to 4 from us. If you can take us to this Research Lab, we will come with you 5 and close the place down. This Dr Webber sounds very 6 . " Her words were like music to my ears. I 7 with relief. Twenty minutes later, we were on a 8 boat, racing back across Piccadilly Lake, on our way back to the Research Lab, with six officers, all 9 with nerve guns.
The 10 of Dr Webber being shot with a nerve gun and arrested made me very 11 -but I was also frightened. 12 back to that place was the last thing I wanted to do. I suddenly felt very 13 . I lay down in the back of the boat and watched the paragliders(滑翔机) and balloons 14 by overhead. They must have banned (禁止) motor vehicles from the London sky 15 I was away. It was much more 16 up there. Better than the noisy jet-cars and helicopters that used to block out the 17 . My eyes closed and I fell asleep. I slept until I heard a voice 18 in my ear.
“Serge. Wake up !”
It was Plummet, talking into my tiny micro-radio. He had been 19 me from the roof of a nearby tower-block.
“ 20 ! You're in trouble!”
1． A．quickly B．secretly C．excitedly D．frequently
2． A．escaped B．stayed C．suffered D．struggled
3． A．stopped B．cried C．rested D．smiled
4． A．fear B．ask C．keep D．steal
5． A．after all B．on time C．at last D．right now
6． A．interesting B．powerful C．dangerous D．strange
7． A．chatted B．sighed C．laughed D．said
8． A．research B．fishing C．travel D．police
9． A．covered B．armed C．carried D．brought
10．A．thought B．idea C．sight D．dream
11．A．sleepy B．surprised C．happy D．nervous
12．A．Walking B．Sailing C．Going D．Running
13．A．hopeless B．tired C．excited D．sick
14．A．flying B．passing C．moving D．floating
15．A．while B．because C．where D．since
16．A．peaceful B．beautiful C．gentle D．natural
17．A．Lab B．boat C．sky D．place
18．A．shouting B．whispering C．speaking D．sounding
19．A．calling B．watching C．following D．expecting
20．A．Hurry up B．Get up C．Wake up D．Look up
参考答案
高一部分
Units 19-20 (B1)
基础演练
一、1. protection 2. discovery 3. method 4. bitter 5. operate 6. Imports 7. condition 8. tradition 9. Fortunately 10. production
二、1-5 AACBA 6-10 BABBC
能力拓展
1-5 BADAD 6-10 CBDBA 11-15 CCBDA 16-20 ACBBA
1．B 既然是hidden微型摄像机，那当然是偷偷地拍摄的。
2．A 从下文的内容可知我们是逃跑出来的。
3．D 从下文的“她的声音像音乐”可知这里不可选其他项。
4．A 不要害怕。
5．D 我们现在就和你一起去那个地方。
6．C 下文说他们带着枪，可见他们觉得这个人是危险分子。
7．B 我如释重负地长叹一口气。
8．D 下面提到警官和枪，因此本题选D。
9．B 这里用be armed with表示“用……武装”。
10．A 我们还在路上，当我想像这幕情景的时候。
11．C 这种想像的内容当然让我觉得很高兴。
12．C 我最不愿意回到那个鬼地方。
13．B 下文说我躺在船上看天空，后来睡着了，此举与B有关。
14．D 从头顶飘忽着过去。
15．A 当我不在的时候。
16．A 从下文说的内容可知选A，那里的天空很安静，比飞机的声音好些。
17．C 既然是直升飞机，当然是在天空。
18．B 从下文可知这里是冤家我们要找的人从附近高塔上对着我的小传声收音机说话’
19．B 他在塔顶看着我。
20．A 本题选A，“动作快点”。此时我已经醒了。