M7u2 language points in reading
1. The date that aspirin was invented is given by medical historians as 1897, but in fact, 3,500 years ago, some recipes recommended drinking a tea made from the dried leaves of a particular plant to reduce body pains.
recommend作动词，意思是“劝告；建议；介绍：推荐”。作“劝告“或”建议”讲时，常构成短语：recommend doing sth
recommend sb to do sth.
recommend sb sth.
我劝你照他说的去做。
I recommend you _to do__ what he says.
我建议买这本字典。
I recommend _buying_ this dictionary.
你能把他推荐给经理吗? Can you recommend him to the manager__?
注意:类似recommend这样一些具有“命令、要求、建议“等含义的动词.如后接宾语从句，则从句的谓语动词用动词原形或“should + do／be”。
2. It was in 1897 that a European chemist called Dr Felix Hoffmann produced acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) from some other chemicals to make a medicine for his father.
It is/was + 被强调的部分+ that/ who clause
是玛丽的粗心导致了这次失败。
It was Mary’s carelessness that led to the failure.
他是什么时候从北大毕业的？
When was it that he graduated from Beijing University?
3. This is one of the first medicines in the world ever to be sold as a standardized tablet.
This company was the first to produce portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.
在序数词或形容词的比较级、最高级后常用不定式作定语。如果不定式后动作和其逻辑主语之间为被动关系，则要用不定式的被动式。
他是最后一个被邀请发言的人。
He is the last person to be invited to speak.
她是这个国家第一个当选总统的女性。
She is the first woman to be elected president in the country.
刘翔是第一个破110米栏记录的亚洲人。
Liu Xiang is the first Asian to break the 110m hurdles record.
4. Not only has aspirin saved many people’s lives by reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with.
not only…but (also)…
not only在句首时，用部分倒装， 而but also句子不倒装。
他不仅喜欢足球，而且对篮球也感兴趣。
Not only does he like football ,but also he is interested in basketball.
残疾人不仅要读，写，烹调，而且还要学习，上大学，参加考试并得到工作。
Not only do disabled people read, write, and cook, but they also study, go to college, take exams and have jobs.
5. Lawrence Craven, a doctor from the USA, is the author of several published reports, one of which introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin could reduce the risk of heart attacks by thinning blood.
a doctor from the USA 是Lawrence Craven的同位语；one of which引导定语从句，修饰先行词reports；that aspirin could reduce the risk of heart attacks by thinning blood是同位语从句，修饰先行词idea。
我不知道他何时回来。
I have no idea when he will be back.
我们是否应该继续做这项实验的问题还没解决。
The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment or not hasn’t been solved yet.
6. However, in 1971, Smith and Willis from the UK proved that aspirin was a blood-thinning medicine, and in 1977, a study carried out in the USA showed that the chemical ASA in aspirin could prevent a stroke, which is a type of serious illness when blood vessels in the brain burst suddenly or are blocked.
prove作"证明;证实"解时+名词/代词 /双宾语/复合宾语/宾语从句等，可用于被动语态.
你能证实那一点吗?
Can you prove that ?
你能向我们证实你的理论吗?
Can you prove your theory to us?
他们证实自己机智、勇敢.
They proved themselves wise and brave.
这一切都证明他是一个诚实的人.
All this proved him to be an honest man.
伽利略证实地球和所有其它的行星都是绕太阳运转的.
Galileo proved that the earth and all other planets move around the sun.
你能证实五月十日你在什么地方吗?
Can you prove where you were on May 10th?
prove作“证明是;结果是;事实说明”解时, 不用于被动语态.用作连系动词,接形容词、名词、不定式to be以及of短语.
结果证明这药疗效令人满意.
The medicine proved satisfactory_.
结果证明她是一位非常严格的老师.
She proved a very strict teacher.
也许这本书会对你的研究有用处.
Perhaps this book will prove of some use to you in your studies.
结果她可能是最适合干这项工作的人.
She may prove to be the most suitable person for the job.
7. Eleven years later, Dr Thu from the USA showed that ASA could reduce the risk of colon cancer by 40%.
reduce… by减少了
by 意思为“到…程度，相差…幅度”
她比我高3公分。
She is taller than me by 3 centimeters.
海平面上升了3毫米。
The level of the sea rose by 3 millimeters.
reduce to 减少到
increase to 增加到
increase by 增加了
8. However it was not until World War II that two other scientists, Howard Florey(Australian) and Ernst Chain (German-born English) , managed to use new chemical techniques to purify it.
1) However, not until World War II did two other scientists manage to use new chemical techniques to purify it.
2) However, two other scientists did not manage to use new chemical techniques to purify it until World War II.
直到她的孩子长大她才得以回去工作。
She was not able to go back to work until her child grew up.
Not until her child grew up was she able to go back to work..
It was not until her child grew up that she was able to go back to work..
直到20世纪90年代我家乡的学校里才开始普及电脑。
Computers didn’t begin to be widely used in the schools in my hometown until the 1990s.
Not until the 1990s did computers begin to be widely used in the schools in my hometown.
It was not until the 1990s that computers began to be widely used in the schools in my hometown.
9. If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from bacterial illnesses or even minor wounds.
如果你昨天来了的话，你就碰见她了。
If you had come yesterday, you would have met her.
要是有时间，我一定去。
If I had the time, I would certainly go.
如果明天天气好的话，我会去海边。
If the weather were fine tomorrow, I would go to the beach.
10. So although Fleming discovered penicillin, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great drug of the 20th century.
It was + 一段时间 + before –clause 过了多久才
It wasn’t + 一段时间 + before –clause 没过多久…就
It will be + 一段时间 + before –clause 要过多久…才
It won’t be + 一段时间 + before –clause 要不了多久…就
这种状况可能要过很多年才会得以改善。
It may be many years before the situation improves.
没过三个月她就辞职了。
It wasn’t three months before he resigned.
要不了多久你就会成功的。
It won’t be long before you succeed
过了几个小时后我们才到达那个山村。
It was several hours before we reached the village.
句型转换
1. There is a high probability that you will find aspirin and penicillin.
___ ____ ______ ______ that you will find aspirin and penicillin. It is probable that
2. Our teacher recommends us to take notes while listening to a lecture.
Our teacher recommends ____ ______ _________ while listening to a lecture.
Our teacher recommends that ________ _______ _________ while listening to a lecture.
us taking notes; we take notes,
3. Regular radio broadcasts didn’t begin until 1920.
1) not until 的倒装句
_____ ______ ______ _______ regular radio broadcasts ________.
2) not until 的强调句型
______ ______ _____ _______ _______ ______ regular radio broadcasts_________.
Not until 1920 did, begin; It was not until 1920 that, began
4. The first trial of this medicine took place in 1899.
This medicine was first ______ _______ in 1899. tried out
5. Not only has aspirin saved many people’s lives by reducing fever and helping stop pain, but there are also other things that aspirin can help with.
Aspirin has______ _______ saved many people’s lives by reducing fever and helping stop pain, but also ______ ______ _____ other things.
not only; can help with
6. Eleven years later, Dr Thu from the USA showed that ASA could reduce the risk of colon cancer by 40%.
Eleven years later, Dr Thu from the USA showed that ASA could ______the risk of colon cancer ____ 60%. reduce …to
7. Dr Yuan Minsheng found that ASA could reduce blood sugar levels and ,therefore, help people with diabetes.
Dr Yuan Minsheng found that ASA could reduce blood sugar levels and ,____ ___ ______, help people with diabetes. as a result
8. This bacterial-killing medicine is considered by many to be one of the most important medicines in contemporary society.
Many ________ this bacterial-killing medicine ____ one of the most important medicines in contemporary society. consider ; as
9. He immediately thought that this application might help in treating wounds and illnesses caused by bacterial.
He immediately thought that if he _______ it ___ treating wounds and illnesses caused by bacterial, it might help. applied …to
10. Due to the widespread use of penicillin, many lives were saved during World War II.
______ _____ the widespread use of penicillin, many lives were saved during World War II.
Because of
11. If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from bacterial illnesses or
even minor wounds.
Penicillin _______ ______ then, otherwise many people would have died from bacterial illnesses or even minor wounds.
was available