知识梳理
Ⅰ.网络构建
词汇 单词 merchant envy *scale *archaeology duke troublesome justice *curiosity masterpiece merciful *mercy murder decorate decoration gentle punishment unearth enemy bless immediately spear swear weakness order art efact anymore surgeon sword emperor greatness *sentence（v.） conflict *central judgment declare complex pin gentleman court *copper *tragedy clay arrow how cushion *weapon *pottery find（n.） technical roof *site climate mask spare warmly
accompany triangle precious
词组 pay back as far as after all in the eyes of have mercy on tear up offer up dig up go down on one’s knees date back to in terms of
语法 1.直接引语和间接引语 2.it的用法
Ⅱ.重点精讲
●重点单词
1.declare
例句集锦
vt.
（1）Peace was declared at last.
终于宣告了和平。
The colonies declared their independence from England.
这些殖民地宣告脱离英国而独立。
（2）She declared that she didn’t want to see him any more.
她声称再也不想见到他了。
（3）She declared herself（to be）innocent.
她声称自己是清白的。
The chairman declared the meeting open.
主席宣布会议开始。
vi.
（1）declare for/against赞成/反对
I declare for his opinion.
我赞成他的观点。
（2）declare war on/against...对……宣战
Terrorists declared war on the United States,and war is what they got.
（布什总统高论）恐怖分子向美国宣战，而他们得到的就是战争。
用法归纳
declare用作及物动词和不及物动词。含义为：宣布，宣告，声称。用作及物动词时的主要用法为：＋名词/从句/复合宾语。
2.immediately
例句集锦
adv.
We must act immediately.
我们必须立即行动。
conj.
You may leave immediately he comes.
他一来你就可以离开了。
用法归纳
immediately可用作副词和连词。主要有两个义项：立即、马上（=at once,without delay）;一……就……（=as soon as）。
特别提示
immediately用作连词时后接从句，另外，表示“一……就……”的句型还有：
the moment/the minute/the instant+ 从句
directly/instantly+ 从句
as soon as+ 从句
on/upon+n./v.-ing
No sooner had+ 主语＋过去分词＋than-从句
Hardly had+ 主语＋过去分词＋when-从句
3.order
例句集锦
v.
（1）The chairman ordered silence.
主席示意安静。
He ordered a glass of beer.
他要了一杯啤酒。
（2）The boss ordered the drunken man out.
老板命令醉汉出去。
（3）He ordered us to the front.
他命令我们到前线。
The policeman ordered him to stand up.
警察命令他站起来。
（4）The leader ordered that the work（should）be started at once.
领导命令马上开始工作。
n..
Everything in the room is in order.
屋里的一切都井井有条。
（5）He ordered his secretary to place an order for 100 books and arrange them in order of size.
他命令秘书订购100本书并把他们按大小顺序排列。
用法归纳
order 可用作名词和动词，主要义项有：命令，订购，订做，点菜；次序，顺序。用作动词时主要用法为：＋名词/ sb.to do sth./sth.to be done/sb.+adv./sb.+斜.prep.斜./that从句
特别提示
order后that从句中的谓语动词形式为“（should）+动词原形”。类似的词还有：demand,desire,insist,propose,request,require,suggest等。
4.decorate
例句集锦
v.
We decorated the Christmas tree with glass balls.
我们用玻璃球装饰圣诞树。
用法归纳
特别提示
decorate不接双宾语，而采用decorate...with sth.结构。
[误]Some pictures of pop stars were decorated on the wall.
[正]The wall was decorated with some pictures of pop stars.
5.term
例句集锦
n..
（1）The first term begins in September.
第一学期于9月份开始。
（2）a business term商业用语
（3）Speak in flattering terms.
用阿谀的言辞说。
（4）a four-year term=a term of four years
四年的任期
（5）On what terms are you willing to let us have this house?
照什么条件你才肯让我们拥有这栋房子？
（6）In terms of money we’re quite rich,but not in terms of happiness.
从钱的角度说，我们可是很富有，但就幸福而言却不然。
The figures are expressed in terms of a percentage.
那些数字是以百分数表示的。
She referred to your picture in terms of high praise.
她对你的画赞赏有加。
用法归纳
term用作名词，主要义项有：学期；术语；术语专门用语；（用复数）形式，措辞，说法；期限，任期；条件。常用搭配为：in terms of 用……的话；以……的观点；……来说。
6.bow
例句集锦
v.&n.
The hunter first bowed to the head and then raised his bow,pulled back the cord and let the arrow fly.
这位猎手首先向这个首领鞠了一躬，然后举弓、拉弦、射箭。
用法归纳
bow用作名词和动词，主要义项有：鞠躬，屈服，点头；弓，弓形物。
特别提示
bow作为动词，意为“鞠躬，屈服”。作为名词，意为“弓，虹”。类似的词还有tear,wind,wound等。
7.accompany
例句集锦
v.
（1）accompanied him on the trip.
我同他一起去旅行。
（2）Strong winds accompanied the rain.
狂风伴着雨来。
（3）He accompanied me on the guitar.
他用吉他为我伴奏。
用法归纳
accompany用作动词，主要义项有：陪伴；伴随，和……一起发生；为……伴奏。
特别提示
accompany是动词，而company是名词（同伴，陪伴）。accompany准确含义为“陪同……去”（go with...）,本身已包含了go的含义，因而：
[误]He accompanied us to go to the park.
[正]He accompanied us to the park.
●重点短语
1.so/as far as
例句集锦
The golden rice fields stretch as far as the eyes can see.
金黄色的稻田一直延伸到远处。
We didn’t go as/so far as the others.
我们不像其他人走得那样远。
As far as I know,he is always telling lies.
据我所知，他总是说谎。
As far as he was concerned,things were going well.
就他来讲，一切进展得很顺利。
相关归纳
（1）so far 到现在为止（常用于含有完成时态的句子中）
So far no man has traveled farther than the moon.
到现在为止，没有人到过比月球更远的地方。
（2）far from远离，完全不
Far from being angry,he is delighted.
他非但没生气，反而很高兴。
（3）by far最;……得多
He is by far the wisest boy in the class.
他是班上最聪明的男孩。
（4）far away遥远的
The moon is far away from the earth.
月球离地球很远。
（5）far into the night 直到深夜
I often read far into the night.
我经常读书到深夜。
（6）Stand high and see far.
站得高，看得远。
2.after all
例句集锦
Why is he not allowed to stay here?After all,it is his home.
他干吗不能呆在这儿？要知道，这是他的家。
Although they met with difficulties,I hear that they succeeded after all.
他们虽然遇上了困难，但我听说他们终于成功了。
Many people in Europe in the Middle Ages thought that Galileo was wrong,but he was right after all.
中世纪欧洲有许多人都认为伽利略是错误的，但他终究还是对的。
相关归纳
（1）at all 根本，丝毫（常用于否定句、条件句以加强语气）
I don’t know it at all.我毫不知情。
（2）in all总共，总计
There were fifty in all.
总共有五十个。
（3）of all（+复数名词）偏偏
He tried to rob on policeman of all people.
他偏偏要抢警察的钱。
（4）above all首先，首要地
As a student,above all,one should study hard at his lessons.
作为学生，首要的是应努力学习自己的功课。
（5）all in all从各方面说，总的说来
All in all,their financial condition is not bad.
总体说来，他们的经济状况并不坏。
All in all,you shouldn’t have scolded the boy at all,he is a child after all; above all,he made only two mistakes in all.
总的说来，你根本不该责备那男孩，他毕竟还是个孩子；更重要的是他总共才出了两处错。
3.have mercy on/upon
例句集锦
He had mercy on the defeated enemy.
他宽恕了被打败的敌人。
Have mercy on the poor sinner.
宽恕那个可怜的罪人吧。
相关归纳
（1）show mercy to sb./ sth.=have mercy on/upon sb./sth.
No mercy was shown to the prisoners.
对囚犯毫不宽恕。
（2）at the mercy of任由……摆布，在……掌握中
The ship was at the mercy of the waves.
船在浪涛中随波逐流。
（3）give mercy to sb.怜悯某人
We were given no mercy.
我们没得到宽恕。
（4）without mercy无情地
He was treated without mercy.
他受到无情地对待。
4.offer up
例句集锦
She offered up a prayer to God for her husband’s safe return.
她向上帝祷告，保佑她丈夫平安回来。
offer up a sacrifice作出牺牲；献祭
相关归纳
（1）offer sb.sth.=offer sth.to sb.给某人提供某物
He offered me his seat.他主动让座给我。
（2）offer to do sth.主动干某事
The boys offered to help the old woman.
孩子们要帮助那位老妇人。
（3）offer some money for sth.出价多少买某物
We offered 1 000 dollars for the computer.
我们出价1 000美圆买这台电脑。
（4）offer sth.for some money出价多少卖某物
I offered him the house for thirty thousand yuan.
我以三万元的价格卖给他这所房子。
（5）offer/give sb.a lift让某人搭便车；帮助
He gave me a lift by lending me 100 dollars.
他借给我100美圆来帮助我。
5.date back to,date from
例句集锦
The Great Wall dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period.
长城始建于春秋时代。
In China,the needle treatment dates from ancient times.
在中国，针灸疗法起源于古代。
特别提示
date back to 也可写作date from,后常接过去时间，动词date用一般现在时，而且不用被动语态。
相关归纳
（1）bring...up to date 使……赶上时代；使……成为最新之物；给予（某人有关……的）最新消息/资料（on,about）
All the equipment has to be brought up to date.
所有装备必须予以更新。
Please bring me up to date on the fuel requirement.
请将最新燃料需求的资料提供给我。
（2）out of date过时的，旧式的
This encyclopedia has gone out of date.
这部百科全书已过时了。
（3）up to date迄今，直到现在；最新的，现代的
Our computer is up to date.
我们的电脑是最新式的。
（4）without date没有日期的；（美）无期限的
a letter without date一封没有日期的信
●必背句型
1.it用作形式主语的句型（1）
教材原句
It is useless trying to argue with Shylock.
想同夏洛克争论是没有用的。
特别提示
It’s useless/no use/no good+ doing sth.是一个主从复合句，it是形式主语，真正的主语是其后的v.-ing形式，意为“做某事没用/没好处”。
补充例句
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
覆水难收。
It will be useless learning a theory without practice.
学习理论而不实践是没有用的。
2.it用作形式主语的句型（2）
教材原句
At first,it was thought that it was through war and armed conflict,but....
起初，据认为铁是由于战争和武器冲突才出现的。但……
特别提示
句中，it was thought+ that...,it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句，第二个it指上文的“铁”（iron）。掌握句型：It is said/thought/believed...=People say/think/believe that...=Sb./Sth.is said/believed/thought to do....
补充例句
It is known to all that Taiwan belongs to China.
众所周知，台湾属于中国。
It’s hoped that China will become stronger and stronger,more and more beautiful.
希望中国越来越美丽、富强。
The Yellow River is said to be “the mother river”.It runs across China like a huge dragon.
据说黄河是“母亲之河”。它就像一条巨龙穿过中国。
It’s said that the book has been translated into English.
=People say that the book has been translated into English.
=The book is said to have been translated into English.
据说，这本书已被译成了英文。
3.it指时间的用法
教材原句
It was four o’clock in the afternoon when he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan,where....
当他和爷爷到达广汉博物馆时，时间已是下午4点了……
特别提示
此句是主从复合句。it指时间，when引导的是时间状语从句。又如：It was early morning when we got home.我们到家时，时间已是凌晨了。
Was it 1949 when our town was liberated?
我们镇解放的时间是1949年吗？（it指时间，when在从句中作状语，不能由that充当）
Was it in 1949 that our town was liberated?
我们镇是在1949年解放的吗（强调句型）
4.倍数表达法
教材原句
If you offered me six times what you have just offered,I would still take my pound of flesh.
即使你愿意给我六倍于你刚才提出的钱数，我也要得到我应得的一磅肉。
特别提示
英语中表示倍数的句式有：
倍数+as+形容词（副词）原级+as
倍数+形容词（副词）比较级+than
倍数+the+名词（size,weight,height,depth,
length,width等）+of...
形容词的比较级+than...+by+倍数
倍数＋what从句
用times表示倍数时，一般是限于表示三倍或三倍以上的数，表示两倍用twice或double,一倍则用once。
补充例句
（1）This square is three times as big as that one.
=This square is twice bigger than that one.
=This square is three times the size of that one.
=This square is bigger than that one by twice.
这个方块是那个的三倍大（大两倍）。
（2）He offered me six times what you have just offered.
他愿意给我六倍于你所提供的钱。
（3）Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
（4）The tower is twice the height of the building.
这塔是那栋楼房的两倍高。
（5）The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
地球的体积是月球的49倍。
5.so+adj.+ a/an+n.句型
教材原句
He is young,but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head.
他很年轻但是我过去从来不知道有这么年轻又如此聪明的人。
如果形容词前有as,so,too,how时，a/an就放在形容词之后，其结构是：as/too/so/how+adj.+a/an+n.。
补充例句
（1）Did you notice that you had made so serious a mistake?
你注意到你犯了一个如此严重的错误吗？
（2）How wonderful a plan it would be!
多好的计划啊！
（3）Russian is so difficult a language for us Chinese to learn.
俄语对我们中国人来说是很难学的一门语言。
（4）In my opinion,he is as good a doctor as I.
依我看，他和我一样，都是个好医生。
（5）It is too serious a matter.I can’t deal with it alone.
这个事情太严重了，我一个人处理不了。
疑难突破
1.lie,lay
原 形 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 词 义 用 法 搭 配
lie lied lied lying 说谎 vi./n. 说谎
lie lay lain lying 躺，位于 vi. 在于
lay laid laid laying 放置，下（蛋） vt. 放下，放弃
例如：Success lies in hard work.
成功在于勤奋。
Lies have short legs.
谎言总是站不住脚的。
Lu Xun laid down medicine and took up writing.
鲁迅弃医从文。
Many people laid down their lives for our country.
许多人为祖国献出了生命。
She laid herself down.=She lay down.
她躺下了。
应用
The boy ______in bed ______to us that the hen had ______two eggs,and he ______the eggs on the table.
答案：lying,lied,laid,laid
2.most,a most,the most
most前没有定冠词，不是最高级，而是副词原级，相当于very,意为“极，很，十分”。即：
most=very用来加强语气
a most=a very
the most+adj.为形容词的最高级形式，常用于有一定范围限制的情况
例如：The meeting proceeded in a most friendly atmosphere.
会议在极友好的气氛中进行。
It is most beautiful!
真是美极了！
应用
（1）This is ______interesting book but it is not ______interesting book I have ever read.
（2）We shall ______certainly come.
（3）You’re very helpful and ______kind.
答案：（1）most,the most （2）most （3）most
3.certain,sure 确信，有把握
相同点：① 都可接about/of,意思是“确信，对……有把握”，只能用人作主语。
Are you sure/certain of that?
你对那件事有把握吗？
②都可接不定式，意思是“一定会……”，人或物均可作主语。
He is certain/sure to succeed.
他一定会成功。
The project is sure/certain to be a success.
这个计划一定会成功。
③后面跟连接词（疑问词，连词whether）+不定式结构，意思是“确定……”，只能用人作主语。
I’m not sure/certain what to do.
我不知道怎么办。
④都可跟从句，意思是“肯定……，确定……”，只能用人作主语。
I’m not sure/certain whether I’ve met him before.
我不能确定以前是否见过他。
不同点：sure不能用于“It is certain that...”句型。
It is certain that your team will win.
你们队肯定会赢。
应用
It’s quite ______that Dr Smith will be present at the meeting.
A.certain B.sure C.certainly D.surely
答案:A
4.clothing,clothes,cloth,dress
cloth指做衣服用的材料（布料、毛料、丝绸等），它是物质名词，不可数名词，没有复数形式，但cloth指“具体用的布”时，是可数名词。
He bought a piece of cloth and make a table cloth.
他买了块布料做了个桌布。
clothes指各种衣服，包括外套、西装、衬衣、裤子、裙子、鞋、帽等，不指单件衣服。它既不能用作单数，也不能和表示具体数目的数词连用。不能说：a clothes,six clothes,但可以说many（these,a few,my）clothes，作主语时，谓语用复数形式。
These clothes are new.
这些衣服都是新的。
clothing 是衣服、服装的总称，集体名词，只有单数形式，是区别于其他事物的抽象概念。作主语时，谓语用单数形式。如：food,clothing and shelter衣、食、住。
可以说an article of clothing（一件衣服），但不能说a suit of clothing,而要说a suit of clothes（一套衣服）。
A factory that makes children’s clothing.
一家生产童装的厂家。
Our clothing protects us from the cold.
衣服使我们免受寒冷。
dress指外面穿着的衣服，有修饰的意味。尤指女子的连衣裙及某种特殊场合下穿着的服装（礼服），这时dress是可数名词。
Oh,Pierre,how wonderful!But I haven’t got a dress to the ball!
啊，皮埃尔，太好了！可是我还没有参加舞会的衣服啊！
He doesn’t care much about dress.
他不太讲究衣着。
应用
（1）How much ______does it take to make a coat for the child?
（2）One by one he took out the books and wiped them with a duster ______.
（3）All of her ______were made by her mother.
（4）He had to buy a good many ______.
（5）A coat is an article of ______.
（6）She looks pretty in her pink summer ______.
答案：（1）cloth （2）cloth （3）clothes （4）clothes （5）clothing （6）dress
5.despite,in spite of,though（although）
despite=in spite of 故不能再与of连用,
in spite of （despite）+名词＝though（although）+从句。例如：
We went out in spite of （despite）the rain.
=We went out though/although it was raining.
虽然下雨，我们还是出去了。
应用
（1）He is very active ______his age.
（2）______a thorough investigation,no trace of the murderer has been found.
（3）______he was poor,he was generous.
（4）______all efforts,he failed.
答案：（1）despite/in spite of （2）Despite/In spite of （3）Although/Though （4）Despite/In spite of
6.flesh,meat
flesh通常指人或动物身上的肉或果肉。
meat供食用的兽类的肉（区别于鱼或禽类的肉）。
注意：猪肉pork;牛肉beef;羊肉mutton;鹿肉venison;马肉horse meat;鸡肉chicken;鸭肉duck;鹅肉goose等。
应用
（1）The ______of the peach is sweet and juicy.
（2）Tigers are ______-eating animals.（老虎是肉食动物）
（3）He has put on ______.（他胖了）
（4）I like ______while my sister likes fish.
答案：（1）flesh （2）meat （3）flesh （4）meat
典例剖析
【例1】 （2004年上海高考题）Why?I have nothing to confess.______you want me to say?
A.What is it that B.What it is that C.How is it that D.How it is that
剖析：考查强调句。
答案：A
【例2】 （2004年全国卷Ⅰ，27）I like ______in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
A.this B.that C.it D.one
剖析：“it”是代词，作宾语，代替后面的句子“when the weather is clear and bright”。
答案：C
【例3】 （2004年北京，24）The Foreign Ministersaid， “______our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”
A.This is B.There is C.That is D.It is
剖析：考查的是“It is+n.+ that从句”
答案：D
【例4】（2004年湖北，24）It was ______back home after the experiment.
A.not until midnight did he go
B.until midnight that he didn’t go
C.not until midnight that he went
D.until midnight when he didn’t go
剖析：这是一个强调句，对not until midnight进行强调，要用that连接。
答案：C
【例5】（2004年福建，26）I’d like to buy a house
-modern,comfortable,and ______in a quiet neighbour-hood.
A.in all B.above all C.after all D.at all
剖析：above all首要，最重要的是；in all总计；after all毕竟；at all根本，全然。
答案：B
【例6】（2004年上海，52）In dealing with public relations,we should make every effort to prevent the ______in personality.
A.contact B.contrast C.connection D.conflict
剖析：contact 和connection是同义词，“联系”；contrast “对比”；conflict “冲突”。
答案：D