在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句,它内容完整,句型结构较为复杂,主句和从句时态搭配要求严格,在中考试题中频频出现。而且学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习间接引语、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句打下良好的基础。学习宾语从句并不难,只要你能过好下面的三道关:
第一关,选好连接词(也有人叫关联词)。
引导宾语从句的连接词,课本上写有三类,但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。
1.连词that:只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如:
1)He knew(that)he should work hard.
2)I am glad(that)you've passed the exam.
2.连词whether或if:它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,口语中多用if。例如:
3)Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning?(注:2002上海市徐汇区中考试题填上答案后的句子。以下再有这种例句,都为2002年中考题,只写某地。)
4)Tom didn't know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.
作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大,同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制。例如:
5)He asked me whether or not I was coming.他问我是否要来。(该句中的whether不能换成if,因为if不能与or连用。)
3.连接代词who,whom ,whose,what, which:它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有其自己的意义。例如:
6)The teacher asked the new student which class he was in?(武汉市)(which引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,修饰class,意为“哪个”。)
7)Can you tell me whom he is waiting for?(天津市)
4.连接副词when,where, why,how:起连接作用,分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语,各有其自己的意义。例如:
8)I wonder where he got so much money.对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。(where在从句中作地点状语,修饰got,意为“哪里;什么地方”。)
9)He didn't tell me how old his friend was.(四川省)(how引导宾语从句,作程度状语,修饰old,意为“怎样;如何”等意。)
第二关,牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其他”。这里特别强调的是,它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序,不是疑问句的倒装语序。例如:
10)You must remember what your teacher said.(河南省)
11)-Dad,do you know when the football game will start?
-In half an hour.(宁波市)
12)汉译英:你能不能告诉我,我们去看望谁?
误:Can you tell me who(m)do we have to see?
正:Can you tell me who(m)we have to see?
错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构--主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句,如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris?就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris?”这种错误句子来。但是一旦我们注意了,我们不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris?”了。
第三关,注意时态的呼应。
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约,这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如:
13)汉译英:我原以为你今天有空的。
误:I thought(that)you are free today.
正:I thought(that)you would be free today.
错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有 today,但因为主句谓语是thought,所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了。
这种时态的呼应,如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制,如上述例句2),3),7),8),10),11),12)。如果主句时态是过去时,宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时(即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等)。例如:
14)He thought he was working for the people.
15)I heard she had been to the Great W all.
16)John hoped that he would find a job soon.
但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等,则不变化:
17)The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.
核心知识
巩固与检测请做下列2002年中考题:
1.In the bookshop,a reader asked the shop keeper _____ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book.(北京市东城区)
A.that
B.how
C.what
D.if
2.-I don't know _____ Mr.Green will come to see us.
-He will help us with our English.(杭州市)
A.why
B.when
C.how
D.where
3.-We never know _____ the old m an is.
-They say he is a teacher.(鄂州市)
A.what
B.who
C.which
D.where
4.I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers.(重庆市)
A.that how
B.how that
C.when that
D.that when
5.-Do you know _____ ?I'm going to see him.
-Sorry,I don't know.(北京市海淀区)
A.where does Mr.Li live
B.where did Mr.Li live
C.where Mr.Li lives
D.where Mr.Li lived
6.-W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer?
-Sorry,I have no idea.(南京市)
A./;bought
B.has;bought
C.did;buy
D.does;buy
7.I don't feel very well.Mum asked me _____ this morning.(重庆市)
A.what the matter is
B.what is wrong
C.what the matter was
D.what wrong was
8.-Where is Jack?
-He is away to spend his holiday.He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan,but I'm not sure _____ .(南昌市)
A.that
B.which
C.where
D.there
典型例题
Key:
宾语从句与中考试题 1-4 D A A D 5-8 C A C C