1. take off 起飞； 脱下，摘下，迅速流行，换下，终止，取消； 休假，休息，剪掉，切除（人体）；模仿
The plane took off an hour late. 飞机起飞晚了一小时。
Her singing career took off after her TV appearance. 她在电视上亮相后歌唱事业迅速起飞。
I’ve decided to take a few days off next week. 我已经决定下周休息几天。
The show was taken off because of poor audience figures. 该剧因不卖座而停演了。
2. accomplish 完成，达到，实现
accomplish finish, complete 区别
1） accomplish经常接task, aim, journey, voyage 等名词。 如：
The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks. 探险队在五周内完成了航程。
The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished. 计划的第一部分已顺利完成。
2) complete比accomplish具体， 可接简化组，工程，书籍等名词。 指“按预期目的把未完成的工作经进一步的努力使之完成”， 主要涵义是“补足缺少的部分”。 如：
The building will be completed by the end of this month. 这座楼将于本月底完成。
3) finish 在许多情况下可与complete 换用， 但不及complete 正式。 常含有“认真仔细地完成工作的最后阶段的精工修饰，使之完美”的意思。 如
I have to finish writing the book by this weekend. 我得在本周末写完这本书。
3. In touch with 保持联系,了解
One of the students gets in touch with a careers-adviser.
He keeps in touch with me by writing now and then.
They have remained/kept/stayed/been in touch with each other for 20 years.
The net brings us into touch with the things which are happening in the other parts of the world.
He lost touch with his family during the war.
I have been out of touch with my former teacher for 20 years.
4. dreamt of becoming a leading scientist.
She dreamt a terrible dream.
He dreamed that he saw his dead father.
We never dreamed him to be a cheat.
5.He adores the cinema/going to the cinema.
Every time he plays football he is watched by thousands of adoring Becks fans all over the world.
The little girl was adorable.
6. Assist (sb) in/with sth.
Assist sb in doing sth.
The deputy principal assists with many of the duties of the principals.
You will be required to assist Mrs Smith in preparing a report.
7. hold back (from sth) 退缩，踌躇，犹豫
hold sb/sth back 阻止，控制，阻碍， 抑制
hold sth back 扣住， 隐瞒
She held back, not knowing how to break the terrible news.
She held back from telling him what she thought of him.
Jim was able to hold back his anger and avoid fights.
You must tell us the whole story: don’t hold anything back.
What is holding him back is the possibility that the business might not be successful.
8. send off 寄出；发出；派遣；解雇；给……送行
You fill in both parts of the form, then send it off. 你把表格的两部分都填好,然后寄出。
send 有关的常见词组：
send away 发送掉；解雇 send back 退还，送还 send for 派人去请；召唤 send forth发出；放出（光、热等） send out 发送出，派遣；放出，散发出 send up发射；长出
send的用法：
1) send sb. sth.= send sth. to sb.把某物送给或寄给某人，可以主语派人送，也可以亲自送
Did they send any message by you? 他们托你给我捎了什么信儿了吗？
Can you send me the bill before the end of the month? 你能在月底以前把帐单给我送来吗
2) send for sb./ sth. 派人去叫某人 派人去拿某物
Now please send for a taxi. 现在请派人叫出租车来。
Please keep these things until I send for them. 请替我保管这些东西，等我派人来取。
3) send sb./ sth. to运输某人/某物去（某处），派某人去某地
They send their product to Beijing for sale. 他们把产品运往北京销售。
We will send him to America for further study. 我们要送他去美国深造。
4) send sb. to do 派某人去做（某事）
We’ll send someone to fetch it. 我们将派人去取。
They will send him to work in the countryside. 他们将派他去农村工作。
5) send sb. doing 使某人做某事(cause sb. to do)
Mind how you go---- you nearly sent me flying. 小心点，你差点把我撞倒。
They killed 38 enemies and sent the rest fleeing. 他们打死38个敌人，其余的都逃窜了
9.Nevertheless 虽然 如此 ,然而
She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working.
10. Count vi. 有价值；重要；有用
Every second counts. 每一秒钟都很重要。
v.数, 计算, 数；算; 认为；视为；看作
be counted as 被认为
I count him among my closest friends. 我把他看作我最好的朋友。
For tax purposes that the money counts/ is counted as income. 那笔钱算做收入，需要纳税。
to count from 1 to 100 从1数到100
Count these apples. 清点一下这些苹果。
count it an honor (to do sth.) （把做某事）引以为荣
11. from this point on 从那时起 on one point 曾经，一度
I think I even told you that at one point. 我认为我曾经告诉过你那件事。
At one point she was aware of two nurses speaking about an outing they were planning with their boyfriends. 她一度听见两个护士谈起她们计划与男朋友一起出去。
At one point he turned his head, listening for Emily. 一度，他转过头，听Emily的声音。
时刻，关头，瞬间，阶段
The climber was at / on the point of death when they found him. 当他们发现那个登山者的时候，他已奄奄一息。
We were on the point of giving up.我们当时几乎要放弃了。
At this point I don’t care what you decide to do. 在这个时候，我不在意你怎么做了。
Point n. 论点，观点 （point of view ）地方，标点，尖，
She made several interesting points in the article. 她在文章中提出了几个有趣的观点。
I take your point 我赞同你的看法。
重点，要点 （brief and to the point ）
The point is you shouldn’t have to wait so long to see a doctor. 关键是看病不该等那么长时间。
I wish he would get to the point. 我但愿他快点说正题。
目的
What’s the point of all this violence? 这些暴行的意图何在？
There’s no point in getting angry. 发火是没有用的。
具体细节（或事实）
Here are the main points of the news. 以下是新闻摘要。
Can you explain that point again? 你能在解释一下那一点吗？
vi. point at/to, point out, It is pointed out that…..
12. essential adj. 本质的, 实质的, 基本的, 提炼的, 精华的
n. 本质, 实质, 要素, 要点
Food is essential to life. 食物是维持生命不可或缺的。
Food is essential for life. 食物是生命所必需的。
Impartiality is essential to a judge. 公平是当法官所必需的。
Her most essential quality is kindness. 她最主要的品质是厚道。
It is essential to keep the two groups separate 将两组分开是完全必要的。
It is essential that you have some experience.你必须得有经验。
The studio had all the essentials like heating and running water. 工作室有基本设施，如暖气装置和水。
the essentials of English grammar 英语语法基础
13. appealing 有吸引力的，有感染力的，令人感兴趣的
Spending the holidays in Britain wasn’t a prospect that I found particularly appealing. 在英国度假对我并不具有吸引力。
‘Would you really help?’ he said with an appealing look. 你真的愿意帮忙吗？他满脸恳求地说。
appealingly adv.: The dog looked up at her appealingly. 狗可怜巴巴地望着他。
Appeal n. 上诉，申诉，感染力，吸引力， 呼吁
an appeal against the 3-match ban 不服禁赛3场令的申诉。
The Beatles have never really lost their appeal. 披头士的感染力经久不衰。
a look of silent appeal默默恳求的目光。
v. appeal to 上诉，申诉； 有吸引力， 引起兴趣；呼吁，
The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups. 设计要雅俗共赏，老幼皆宜。
Organizers appealed to the crowd not to panic.组织者呼吁人群不要惊慌。
独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。
二、独立主格结构的形式
独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。
1）名词／代词＋形容词
I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry．我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。
He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open．月光下，门开着，他默默地站立在那。
2）名词／代词＋现在分词
Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
The rain having stopped ，he went out for a walk．雨停了，他出去散步。
3）名词／代词＋过去分词
More time given，we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那个男生站在那里，右手高举。
4）名词／代词（主格）＋不定式
Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month．这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。
The two boys said good-bye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to his friend's．两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。
5）名词／代词十介词短语
The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand．那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
注意：这里，gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand，但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。
6）名词／代词十副词
Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away．由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。
Lunch over，he left the house．But he was thinking．午饭结束，他离开屋。但他还在考虑。
7）名词／代词＋名词
He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon．他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
8）with复合结构
它的构成是：“with ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾补由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。
Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour．福尔摩斯和沃森坐着，让灯亮了半个小时。（介词短语）
He used to sleep with the door open．他过去常开着门睡觉。（形容词）
With a boy leading the way，they started towards the village．由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。（现在分词）
With the work done，he went home．工作做完后，他回了家。（过去分词）
With you to help us，we will finish the task in time．由你来帮助，我们将会及时完成任务。（不定式）
Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on at night．夜里，香港万盏灯火，分外美丽。（副词）
从以上例句可以看出：在with复合结构中，宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态时，用现在分词；当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态时，用过去分词；当这种主谓关系表示将来意义时，用不定式；当这种主谓关系表示伴随意义时，用现在分词或副词。
三、独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
1）表示时间
Her work done ，she sat down for a cup of tea．她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2）表示条件
The condition being favourable ，he may succeed．若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3）表示原因
There being no taxis，we had to walk．没有出租车，我们只好步行。
4）表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best of all．几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
四、形式选择中应该注意的问题
1）现在分词还是过去分词？
在独立主格结构中，主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时，用现在分词。如：Winter coming ，it gets colder and colder．一句中，“春天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系，用现在分词；主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，用过去分词。如：More money given，we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained．一句中，“money”和“give”是动宾关系（被动关系），用过去分词。
在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词
完成时态表示。如：The snow having stopped，she went out to sweep the snow in the yard．
现在分词与过去分词的性质完全不同，但在独立结构中，有时却有共同之处：现在分词的被动式有时可以简化为过去分词。例如：
As her skirt was caught on a nail，she could not move．
→Her skirt being caught on a nail，she could not move．
→Her skirt caught on a nail，she could not move．
After his work had been finished，he went home．
→His work having been finished，he went home．
→His work finished，he went home．
2）分词结构还是独立结构？
上面的例子告诉我们，独立结构常常可以看作是由主从复合句中的从句变来的。但是，如果从句和主句的主语相同，则不可改为独立结构。例如：
Since he was very tired with his walk，he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles．
不可改为：
He being very tired with his walk，he．．．
但可改为：Being very tired with his walk ，he．．．
比较：判断动名词复合结构的方式
主语位置上，或动词、介词后的"名词代词 + 非谓语动词"，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是"名词 + 定语。请看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left B. being left C. leaving D . be left
The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.
A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted