知识归纳（BII，U8）
I.目的，内容：
1． 单词和习惯用语
1) 单词
drown; choke; prevent; scream; witness; panic; response; conscious; tip; circulate; revive; weave; eventually; bite; loose; recommend;
2） 习惯用语
upside down; roll over; in honor of; count in; mouth-to-mouth; a pan of; burn down; get close to; prevent …from; deal with; point out; give first aid; stand for;
2. 功能意念项目
1）学会用英语进行有关急救知识方面的谈话、交流等话题。
2）在掌握急救常识和基本词汇的基础上，能利用英语开展急救演练。
3．语法
继续学习和掌握虚拟语气的有关用法。
4．语言运用
运用在本单元学习的关于急救方面的语言知识，完成教科书和练习册中规定的听、说、写的任务；阅读课文 Dr. ABC和Integrating Skills 中的文章，确切理解并完成有关课文的内容和练习；结合学生用书58页Speaking中的语言提示，设计并组织一次急救演练。
II．方法
1． 单词和习惯用语的用法
1) make sure: to establish something without doubt; make certain: 弄清楚；确保：
例：Make sure he writes it down. 让他一定记下来
* sure adj.（常与of, that连用）确信的；肯定的
例： I am sure that I put the money in the box. 我肯定把钱放在盒子里了。
Please make sure that the house is locked before you leave. 请你确信是锁上房间后才离开的。
I'm not sure about the practicality of their plan. 我还无法确定他们的那个计划的可行性如何。
（与to连用）一定的；必定的
We are sure to benefit from the new timetable. 我们肯定会得益于新的作息时间表。
There's sure to be a fuss when the owner of the house finds the window's broken.
房子的主人发现窗子被人打破时准会大吵大闹的。
*sure adv.一定地；必定地；无疑地
例： It sure was cold. 的确是冷。
The teacher makes sure, too, that the child gets enough rest and play, along with his education.
教师还要保证每个孩子在接受教育的同时有充分的时间休息和游戏。
He said he would come with his wife, and sure enough he did.
他说他会带着妻子一起来的,果然他们来了。
2） turn vi.
(1) 旋转; 转动, 环绕
例：The wheels were turning slowly. 轮子在缓慢地转动着。
The earth turns round the sun. 地球绕太阳旋转。
(2) 翻身, 转弯, 翻转
例：All night long he turned and tossed in bed. 整整一夜他在床上翻来覆去地睡不着。
Now please turn round. 现在请转过身来。
The road turns sharp right. 路向右急转。
（3）求教, 求助
We often turn to this handbook for information on transistors.
我们常从这本手册查阅有关晶体管的资料。
(4) 翻到, 查阅, 转到
Please turn to page twelve. 请翻到十二页。
The conversation inevitably turned to the changes that had taken place in the village.
话题不可避免地转到谈村子里发生的变化。
(5) 变成, 变得; 变质, 变酸; 改变信仰; 变色
The milk has turned. 牛奶变质了。
Maple leaves have turned crimson. 枫叶已经红了。
The weather suddenly turned cold.天气突然冷了起来。
This afternoon will be cloudy, turning clear. 今天下午阴转晴。
He later turned Moslem. 他后来改信了伊斯兰教。
At a low temperature, water turns into ice. 水在低温时就结成冰。
(6) 转而反对(against); 发怒, 攻击(on)
Why did they suddenly turn against you? 他们为什么突然转而反对你?
(7) 晕眩; 作呕
My stomach turned at the sight of blood. 我一看见血就想吐。
My head is turning. 我头晕。
(8) 变钝
The knife's edge has turned. 刀变钝了。
(9) 依赖, 取决于
The success of the meeting turns on the weather. 这次集会是否成功取决于天气状况。
3) upside down adv.
（1）颠倒
例： turned upside down. 使得倒装过来
(2) in great disorder. 混乱的，骚乱的
4) witness vt., vi.
(1) 亲眼看见，目睹
例：He witnessed the accident. 他亲眼看见那个意外事故。
We witnessed tremendous changes in the city.
我们目击了这个城市的巨大变化。（我们是这个城市巨大变化的见证人。）
（2）表示；表明
例：His tears witnessed the shame he felt. 他的眼泪说明他感到羞愧。
* n.
(1) (=eyewitness)目击者; (在法庭上经过宣誓的)证人
(2) [主要用于give witness, bear witness]证据, 证明; 证词
(3) [常省略定冠词]【律】连署人, 证人
例：a witness of the accident 事件的目击者
These facts are a witness to his carelessness. 这些事实证明了他的粗心。
She gave witness on behalf of the accused person. 她替被告作证。
4) count n.
(1) 计算；合计数
There were so many cars that I lost count. 有那么多的小汽车，以致于我忘记数到那儿了。
(2) （被告的一条）罪状
He was found guilty on two counts. 他被判定有两条罪状。
* count vt., vi.
(1) 点数；数；算
to count from 1 to 100 从1数到100
(2) 计算；清点；总计达…
Count these apples. 清点一下这些苹果。
(3) 认为；视为；看作
count it an honor (to do sth.)（把做某事）引以为荣
(4) 有价值；重要；有用
Every second counts. 每一秒钟都很重要。
5) deal with vt.
(1) 对待（人、事物）； 处理；论及……
例：She knows well how to deal with evil people. 她和了解如何与邪恶的人打交道。
The man is easy [difficult] to deal with. 那个人容易[很难]相处。
I think this problem should be dealt with quickly. 我认为这个问题应早处理。
This book deals with the ancient history of America. 这本书讨论美国历史。
The book deals with this problem.这本书论述了这个 题。
The teacher deals fairly with his pupils. 这个教师公平地对待他的学生。
(2) 与……交易 （不可用于被动语态）
例：They have dealt with that country for 20 years. 他们和那个国家做生意已经有20年了。
6）panic
vt. vi. (panicked; panicking) 使恐[惊]慌; 使狂热, 使喝采; 惊慌, 害怕;
例：panic an audience 引起观众喝采
The thunder panicked the horse. 响雷使马惊慌。
n. [C] [U] 恐慌；恐怖；
例：The students was in a panic. 学生们陷入恐慌。
The fire caused (a) panic in the theater. 那场火灾在戏院里引起一阵恐慌。
* panic over sth. 对某事感到惊慌
例： The crowd panicked at the sound of the guns. 人们听到枪声感到惊慌。
7) recommend vt. 推荐, 介绍; 劝告, 建议; 使可接受; 使受欢迎; 使成为可取;
托(付); 交付
例： He recommend to try a new medicine. 他建议试服一种新药。
The women manager recommend her child to her colleague.
那位女经理把她的孩子托给同事照管。
Your plan has very little to recommend it. 你的计划几乎毫无可取之处。
I recommend you to wait. 我劝你等一等。
This hotel has nothing to recommend it. 这家旅馆没有什么可吸引人的。
The dying man recommended his soul to God. 这垂危病人把灵魂交付上帝。
8）scene n.
(戏剧的)一场, 一幕, 场面, 一段情节, 一个镜头; [常用复]场景, 布景, 道具,
故事发生的地方, 出事地点; 事件, 史实; 争吵, 吵闹; 发脾气, 景色, 风景; 光景, 实况
例：Act I, S-II 第一幕第二场
selected scenes 折子戏
change the scenes 换布景
Do you know the scene of a traffic accident? 你知道车祸发生的地点吗？
The scene of action is a great mass. 事情发生的现场一团糟。
Changchun today takes on a scene of prosperity. 今日长春呈现出一派繁荣景象。
scenes in a mountain district 山区风光
The scene of this story is in Germany during World War I.
这个故事发生在第一次世界大战期间的德国。
Did you make a scene with her? 你跟她争吵了吗?
The sunrise was a beautiful scene. 日出是一幅美景。
9） response回答；答覆; 反应
例： I've had no response to my letter. 我还没有回信。
Was there any response to the advertisement? 对那则广告没有任何反映吗？
His appeal met with no [little] response. 他的呼吁没有得到任何反映。
* in response to [介] 回答…..; 回应
10)conscious adj. 知道的， 意识到的; 有知觉的；
处于清醒状态的; 自觉的， 有意识的
例：You should be conscious of your shortcomings.你应该意识到自已的缺点。
He speaks gently with a conscious air. 他故作谦虚地小声说话。
Peter is a businessman with good cost conscious.彼得是一个具有很好成本意识的商人。
My teacher is red conscious. 我的老师对红色敏感。
He was conscious that he must do all this. 他知道必须干这些事。
The old man was conscious to the last. 老人直到死都是清醒的。
I am conscious that I have done right. 我相信自己做得不错。
11) breathe vi. 呼吸; 活着, 生存; 歇一口气, 休息一下
(风等)发出轻微的声音; (人)低语; (香气)飘溢; (内燃机)以空气维持燃烧
例：When we breathe, we draw air into our lungs. 当我们吸气时, 把空气吸入肺里。
In making that plea he will breathe in vain. 他做那种恳求是白费口舌的。
He became ill after breathing coal dust for many years. 他因多年吸入煤灰而生病了。
The letter breathes despair. 这封信表现出绝望的情绪。
She breathed new life into the party. 她为党注入了新的生命。
He'll breathe new life into the team. 他会给队里带来新气象。
They say the new general is able to breathe courage into the army.
大家都说那位新任将军能给军队增添勇气。
Will the new general manager able to breathe new life into the company?
这位新任总经理能不能给公司增添新的活力?
He really breathes fire when he gets angry! (喻) 他一生气便会大发雷霆。
12）prevent …(from)… ; stop … (from); keep … from 阻止……做某事
Her sudden arrival prevented him from going out. 她的突然到来使他不能外出。
We shall come tomorrow if nothing prevents. 如果没有什么阻碍的话, 我们明天会来。
It isn’t necessary to prevent your son (from) playing football every Sunday.
没有必要阻止你儿子每周日踢足球。
The scientist successfully kept the air pollution from spreading.
那位科学家成功地阻止了空气污染的蔓延。
2. 语言要点
1） It looked as if she were dead. 她看上去好像死了。
这是由 as if 引导的方式状语从句。也可以用as though 引导。例：
It looked as if she were made of ice. 她看起来似乎是冰做的。
It seemed as if the meeting would never end. 看起来会议没完没了。
She spoke to me as though she knew me. 她和我说话的神情，好像她早就认识我似的。
2) If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helped them.
如果我了解有关急救的知识，我就可能帮助他了。
句子中使用了虚拟语气。（详见语法说明）例：
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。
If I were you, I should tell him the truth. 如果我是你，我就会对他说实话。
Had he been more careful, such mistakes could have been avoided.
如果他细心些，这些错误本来可以避免的。
Without air, there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的就不可能有生物了。
3) Many hospitals recommend that we use the letters DR ABC to remember what to do when we have to think fast.
很多医院建议当我们需要快速思考的时候，我们应该用DR ABC 来提醒我们该做什么。
当recommend 后就宾语从句时，从句中通常用should 来表示虚拟语气，should 还可以省略。类似的动词还有suggest, advice, demand, etc.
例：The teacher recommended that we (should) read the novel. 老师劝我们读那本小说。
I demand that John (should) go there at once. 我要约翰马上去那儿。
The professor advised his little brother (should) study harder when he was still young.
那位教授建议他的弟弟趁年轻应该努力学习。
4) We should never try to revive a person unless we know how to do it.
如果我们不知道如何进行急救，就无法挽救人的生命。
Unless 是一个连词，意为 “如果不”， “除非”。
例： Unless he studies hard, he will never pass the examination.
他如果不努力学习, 就永远不能考及格。
I shall go unless it rains. 如果不下雨我就去。
This baby seldom cries unless he is tired. 这个婴儿除非在疲倦时很少哭。
5) Bend the person’s leg so that he or she will not roll over. 将伤员的腿弯曲以免他翻滚。
“so that” 意为“以便，以免”，它引导目的状语从句中常用 may, can, will, could等词。当引导结果状语从句时，意为“结果”。
例：We left early so that we could catch the first train. 我们出发很早，以便能赶上第一班火车。
I was caught in a shower, so that all my clothes got wet. 我被雨淋了，所以全身都湿透了。
* so … that … 太……以至于……; 如……般的
例：It’s so cold that the pond has frozen. 天气太冷，池水都结冰了。
I ran so fast that I’d got a pain in my side. 我跑得太快，结果导致腹侧疼痛。
She was so exhausted that she couldn’t eat dinner. 她累得吃不下饭。
This book is so rewritten that children can enjoy it. 这本书是为了使小孩子喜欢而改写的。
3. 语法说明
学习和掌握虚拟语气的用法。
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观意愿或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
1）在条件句中的应用
条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
A 真实条件句
真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生。
时态关系
句型：条件从句 主句
一般现在时 shall / will + 动词原形
If he comes, he will bring his violin.
典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it_______.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意：
（1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
(对)If you leave now, you will never regret it.
（2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall(will)+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
B 非真实条件句
（1）时态：可表示过去、现在和将来的情况。其基本特点时态退后。
a. 同现在事实相反的假设。
句型：条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should(would)+动词原形
-If they were here, they would help you.
b. 表示与过去事实相反的假设。
句型：条件从句 主句
过去完成式 should(would)have+过去分词
-If he had come yesterday, I should have told him about it.
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
c. 表示对将来的假想
句型： 条件从句 主句
一般过去时
were+不定式 should(would)+动词原形
should+动词原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right
（2） 混合条件句
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
-If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。)
-If it had rained last night(过去)，it would be very cold today(现在).
（3）虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should 或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：
在虚拟语气的从句中，动词 ‘be’的过去时态一律用 “were”。
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right.
典型例题
_______ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前，变成were, should, had+主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do. ,而不能Weren’t I to go.
（4）特殊的虚拟语气词：should
① suggest/order/command/propose/demand/insist/require/ request… + that … (should) do
② the suggestion that … (should) do
③ This suggestion is that …(should) do
④ It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/insisted … + that … (should) do
⑤ It is necessary/important/natural/strange… + that … (should) do
⑥ It is a pity/ a shame, no wonder… + that … (should) do
在宾语从句中的应用
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。
order, suggest, insist … + (should) do
---I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week.
---He insisted that he(should)be sent there.
注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用作 “暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
---The guard at the gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
---Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
---I insisted that you were wrong.
在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。
-My idea is that we (should)get more people to attend the conference.
-I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
（5）wish的用法
用于wish 后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
wish + (that) … did/were …(现在时：从句与主句动作同时发生)
wish + (that) … had done …(过去时：从句动作先于主句动作)
wish + (that) … would/could do (将来时：从句动作于主句动作之后)
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn’t said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
（6） if only
if only 表示“如果就好了”。
-If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。
if only也可用于陈述语气。
-If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来了。
***only if 表示“只有”:
-I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
（7）It is (high) time that …
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
（8） need
didn’t need to do表示：过去不必做某事，事实上也没做。
needn’t have done表示：过去不必做某事，但事实上做了。
John went to the station in his car to meet Mary, so she didn’t need to walk back home.
John went to the station in his car to meet Mary, so she needn’t have walk back home.
（9） 虚拟语气在其他状语从句中的用法
在as if引导的状语从句中，用过去式表示与现在事实不符，用过去完成式表示与过去事实不符；在so that，in order that引导的状语从句中，常用should/would/could/might+动词原形来表示虚拟语气。如：
They talked as if they had been friends for years．
She stayed at home for a few days so that she could take care of her mother．
（10）would rather sb. did/had done …
(would rather do)
---I’d rather stay at home than go out.
---He’d rather you came on Friday.