单元目标要求
1．重点词汇、短语、句型结构
1）waste(v . , n. ), pipe(v. , n. ), escape, unsold
2）throw away , break up, break down, depend on, at the bottom of, at one time, make laws, be active in, make an effort, do a drawing
3）No matter how(what, who…)…（让步状语从句）
It will be years before +从句．
2．课文掌握程度
1）复习Until-5重点难点。
2）能复述阅读课文。
3．重点语法
1）Revision of Tenses
2）Word Formation
3）Revision of Past Participle, the V- ing Form and Noun Claues.
4．口语交际
Likes and dislikes
5．写作要求
Rewrite the story in different persons.
常用句型结构
1．It looks as if/as though +clause结构中look是连系动词，意为看起来，似乎，后面的从句中谓语多用直陈语气，有时也可用虚拟语气。如：
①It looks as if they are all in a terrible hurry. 看上去他们极为匆忙。
②It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨。
③It looks as though we shall have to do the work ourselves.
看来我们只得亲自做这工作。
④It looks as if he didn't know anything about the secret.
看来他对这个秘密一无所知。
▲sb. ＋look as if/as though＋clause意为某人看上去，似乎……，后面的从句谓语多用虚拟语气，也可以用直陈语气。如：
①He looked as though he were from the country.
他看上去似乎来自农村。（事实上他并非来自农村）
②You look as if you didn't care. 你似乎并不在乎。（实际上你很在乎）
▲look（link-v. ）后面除接as if/as though从句外，还常接形容词、分词、名词、介词短语等作表语。如：
①He was not a very big man, but he looked strong.
他身材并不高大，但看上去很健壮。
②He looked startled when his nephew came in.
当他外甥进来时，他看上去大吃一惊。
③He looked a perfect fool. 他看上去是个大傻瓜。
④You looked in splendid health. 你看上去健康状况极佳。
⑤She looked to be a young woman of twenty. 她看上去有二十来岁。
⑥The weather does not look like clearing up. 天气看来不会晴朗。
2．sb./sth. ＋not +adj. /adv. ＋enough +动词不定式结构意为某人、某物不够……，（以致）不能……。如：
①The boy is not old enough to go to school. (＝ The boy is too young to go to school. )小男孩未到上学年龄。
②She didn't run fast enough to catch up with you. (=She ran too slowly to catch up with you. )她跑得不够快，赶不上你。
③The coat is not large enough for you to wear. (=The coat is too small for you to wear. )外套太小，你穿不上。
▲如果这个结构中去掉not，则成了sb. /sth. +adj. /adv. ＋enough +动词不定式，意为某人、某物足以……，（以致）能……。如：
①We were fortunate enough to get an empty car.
我们很幸运地租到一辆空车。
②I stayed long enough to make certain that the house was absolutely empty.
我呆得很久，以致能肯定那房子是空的。
3．It＋seems＋ that-clause结构表示判断或猜测，意为看来（着重在从实际情况看来）。如：
①It seems that nobody knew what had happened.
看来没有人知道发生了什么事。
②It seems (that) he was late for the train. 看来他误了火车。
③It seemed to him that he had never worked so hard in his life.
他觉得自己一生中从未如此努力工作。
④It would seem (=It seems) that something is wrong. 看上去似乎有点毛病。
⑤It seemed that life for her was rather hard. 看来她当时生活很艰难。
It +seems +as if/as though +clause结构和刚刚论述的结构意义和用法差不多。如：
①It seems as if there will be an election soon. 看来不久将进行选举。
②It seems as if we shall have to walk home. 看来我们得步行回家。
③It seems as if you are the first one here. 看来你似乎是第一个来客。
▲seem（link-v. ）后面除接that-clause或as if（as though）-clause外，还常接形容词、分词、名词、介词短语等作表语。如：
①She does not seem likely to get it from you.
她似乎不可能从你这儿得到它。
②She always seemed well pleased, happy and contented.
她看来总是高兴、幸福和满足。
③This seems to me a glorious life.
我觉得这看来是光荣的一生。
④You seem in high spirits, Mary. 你看上去情绪很高，玛丽。
4．词组no matter意为不管、无论，后面常跟who，what，when，where，how等连用，相当于whoever，whatever，whenever，wherever，however等，引出让步状语从句。如：
①No matter who knocks, don't open the door. (=Whoever knocks, don't open the door. ）不论谁敲门，你都不要开。
②No matter what happened, he would not say a word.(=Whatever happened, he would not say a word.)不论发生什么事，他都将保持沉默。
③No matter where you go, I'll go with you. (=Wherever you go, I'll go with you. ) 不管你上那儿，我都跟你去。
④No matter how loudly he shouted, he wouldn't be heard.(=However loudly he shouted, he wouldn't be heard.)无论他如何大声叫嚷，都不能使别人听见。
5．部分介词的省略结构
介词的省略是英语中一种常见现象，它有助于使句子简洁紧凑。介词省略有以下几种情况：
1）表示时间延续的介词for常常省略。例如：
①We stayed there (for) three days.
我们在那里呆了三天。
②They have lived here (for) ten years.
他们已在这儿居住了十年了。
▲但在否定句或位于句首表示强调时，for一般不省略。例如：
③I have not heard from my brother for a year.
我有一年没有收到哥哥的来信了。
④For some days he stayed in his cave, behind the wall. 有好几天他呆在洞里，呆在围墙后面。
2）表示年、月、日或星期之前的介词有时可以省去或用逗号代替。例如：
①The teaching building was built (in) 1980.
教学楼建于1980年。
②My first book was published (in) April 1990.
我的第一本书1990年4月出版。
③Mr Smith arrived in Beijing (on) May 4, 1985.
史密斯先生1985年5月4日到达北京。
④We'll pay a visit to our teacher (on) Sunday.
星期天我们去看望老师。
3）表示某一特定时间的名词短语前的介词可以省略。例如：
①We visited the exhibition the day before yesterday. 我们前天参观了博物馆。
②He came back on May 5 and the following day he got injured.
他5月5日回来，第二天就受了伤。
4）表示时间的名词短语前若有表示“大约”的about/around时，前面的介词往往省略。例如：
①They started (at) about six o'clock. 他们大约6点钟开始。
②The lecture lasted (for) around two hours.
讲座进行了大约两个小时。
5）表示距离或延伸的名词短语前的介词for可以省略。例如：
①He walked (for) a mile and then ran (for) a mile.
他走了一英里，接着有跑了一英里。
②This road stretches northwards (for) hundreds of kilometres.
这条路向北延伸数百英里。
6）表示方式的名词短语前的介词有时可以省略。例如：
①He sent the letter (by) airmail.
他航空邮寄了这封信。
②They play cards (in) a different way.
他们以不同的方式玩扑克。
③They cook (in) the French style.
他们以法国风格烹调。
7）疑问形容词what之前的介词常常省略。例如：
① (Of) What size is your shirt?
你的衬衫时是多大号的？
② (On) What day did you get there?
你是哪天到达那儿的？
③ (Of) What colour is it? 这是什么颜色？
8）当介词 of与age，size，colour，height，shape等搭配时，往往省略of。例如：
①They had a daughter(of) my age.
他们有个女儿与我同岁。
②This building is (of) the same shape as that one.
这座建筑物与那座建筑物形状相同。
③The chimneys are (of) the same height.
这些烟囱的高度是相同的。
【注意】在 at the age of…结构中，the和of往往同时省略；在have no idea结构之后，of习惯上通常省略。例如：
①He went to school at (the) age (of) seven. 他七岁开始上学。
②You have no idea (of) how grateful I am for all you've done.
你不知道我多么感激你为我们做的一切。
9） 由wh-words（包括：whether，what，which，who，whom，whose，when，where，why，how等）引导的从句或不定式短语之前的介词常常省略。例如：
①He is in doubt (about) whether to go or not.
他不知道是走还是留。
②I have no idea (of) whose house this is.
我不知道这是谁的房子。
③The question (of) where the library is to be built remains undecided.
图书馆建在哪里的问题仍未确定。
④He was at a loss (of) how to answer the question.
他茫然不知道如何回答这个问题。
10）动词-ing形式及其短语前的介词常常省略。例如：
①She spends a lot of time (in) reading English every day.
她每天花费大量时间读英语。
②Nothing can prevent us (from) going to the concert.
没有什么能够阻止我们去参加音乐会。
③I have some trouble (in) pronouncing this sound.
我发这个音有些困难。
④We had no difficulty (in) finding the house.
我们没费劲就找到了这座房子。
⑤There's no use(in) arguing any more with him.
再与他争论也没用。
⑥They took turns (at) taking care of their sick child.
他们轮流照料他们生病的孩子。
⑦They are very busy (in) making preparations for the English evening.
他们在忙于为英语晚会作准备。
⑧You did a great job (in) publishing his books.
你因出他的书而做了件大好事。
⑨Mr Green is engaged (in) compiling the textbook.
格林先生从事教科书的编写工作。
11）在near to，nearest to等结构中，to有时可以省略。例如：
①The manager himself shifted my bed nearer (to) the window.
经理自己把我的床移近窗口。
重点词语用法
1．waste的用法
1）adj．荒芜的，无法利用的 waste land荒地
adj．无用的，抛弃的，废弃的
waste-paper-basket字纸篓，waste products废物
2）waste[U] n．废物，浪费。例如：
①With the development of modern agriculture and industry more and more waste is produced.
随着现代工农业发展，越来越多的废物产生了。
②There's too much waste in this house. 这一家人太浪费了。
▲waste还可用于下面结构中。
It's a waste of time/money/speech. 例如：
①It's a waste of time to wait any longer.
再等下去是白费时间。
②It's a waste of your speech talking to him.
跟他讲话白费唇舌。
3）waste vt．浪费。例如：
①We mustn't waste a drop of water or a grain of rice.
一滴水一粒米我们都不应当浪费。
②All his efforts were wasted. 他全部努力都白费了。
▲waste作动词，可用于下列结构：
waste sth . on(doing) sth . 在某事上浪费。
waste time (in) doing浪费时间做某事。例如：
①He wasted much of his time and money on playing cards.
打牌浪费了他的大量时间和金钱。
②Don't waste time talking to him, he won't change his plan.
别浪费时间跟他讲了，他不会改变计划的。
2．escape的用法
1）n．逃跑，逃脱；消遣，消遣物。例如：
①The thief jumped into a car and made his escape.
小偷跳进一辆汽车，逃之夭夭。
②He reads adventure stories as an escape.
他看冒险小说作为消遣。
2）v．逃跑，逃脱；漏出，逸出。常和from连用。例如：
①They escaped from the burning house.
他们从燃烧的屋中逃出来。
②Some gas is escaping from the pipe. 煤气正从管道逸出。
▲当escape表示“逃避，避免”解时，后面要接 V-ing形式。例如：
①He narrowly escaped being drowned. 他差一点被淹死了。
3．party的用法
party（n．）除表示“党”，“娱乐性的聚会，晚会”外，还作“（进行某活动的）一伙人”解（ =a group of people doing something together），a party of＋n．意为一伙……。如：
①We must follow the party line. 我们应遵循党的路线。
②That is why I am giving this party tonight.
这就是我今晚举行宴会的原因。
③ A party of school children is going to France. 一群学生正前往法国。
④Half-way up the mountain we met another party of people climbing down.
上山的中途我们遇见另一群正在下山的人。
⑤ A rescue party has been sent out to bring back the injured workers.
已经派出一支营救队去把受伤的工人接回来。
⑥There are twenty in all in the party travelling in Nanjing.
在南京的旅游团总共有20人。
4．gather['g$J+]的用法
gather既可用作及物动词，意为“使聚集”（＝cause to come together）；“采集（花等）”（=pick[flowers，etc.]）；“收（庄稼等）”；也可用作不及物动词，意为“聚集，集合”（＝come together）。例如：
①The teacher gathered the students around him.
老师将学生聚集在他周围。
②We are gathering materials to get ready for an article.
我们在为写文章搜集材料。
③They are gathering flowers in the garden. 他们在花园里采花。
④We usually help the peasants to gather the rice.
我们通常帮助农民收水稻。
⑤Many people gathered to listen to the speech.
有很多人聚拢来听报告。
5．stop[st&p]的用法
stop意为“制止，防止，阻止，妨碍”。例如：
①We must stop the disease (from) spreading.
我们一定要防止疾病蔓延。（from也可省略）
②I had to think of a way stopping him from following me around all the morning.
我得想办法阻止他缠我整整一上午。
③This stopped the development of their own industries.
这妨碍了他们自己工业的发展。
【注意】类似 stop sb./sth. from doing sth. 结构的有： prevent sb. /sth. from doing sth. （这其中的from常可省略，但在被动句中则决不能省略。）；keep sb./sth. from doing sth. （其中的 from不可省略，否则一省略，意思正相反）。
例如：
①There's nothing that prevents you (from) going to bed if you want to.
如果你想去睡觉，没有什么事会不让你去（或你尽管睡去）。（句中from可省略，意思不变）
②The heavy rain didn't keep them from watching the football match.
大雨没能阻止他们看足球赛。
③The heavy rain didn't keep them watching the football match.
大雨使得他们不能继续看足球赛。
④Hearing the words, he couldn't keep from laughing.
听了这话，他不由得笑了起来。
6．reuse的用法
reuse意为“再利用”，其中前缀re-表示“再”（=again）。
【注意】与use有关的一些用法。例如：
①We should reuse the waste paper in order to save a lot of money.
为了节省大量资金，我们应该再利用废纸。
②Retell the story in your own words. 用你自己的话重讲这个故事。
③The waste water can be recycled. 废水可以再循环使用。
④He used to get up very early. 他过去常常早起。
⑤We have already been used to the country life.
我们已经习惯于农村的生活。
⑥You will soon get used to living in the countryside.
你会很快习惯于在农村居住。
⑦Use your head, then you will have a good idea.
动动脑筋，你会有好主意的。
⑧It's useful for us to get some information about the computer.
获取一些有关电脑方面的信息是有用的。
⑨It's no use crying over split milk.
牛奶泼地，哭也无益。
7．seek的用法
seek[si:k]意为“企图，试图”（＝to try；to make an attempt）。例如：
①We've never sought to hide our views.
我们从来不想隐瞒自己的观点。
②They are seeking to attain the most advanced technological levels in the world.
他们正设法达到世界最先进的技术水平。
③It was no use seeking to persuade him to give up smoking.
企图说服他戒烟是没用的。
④We sought to change his mind but we failed.
我们试图改变他的看法，但我们失败了。
【注意】 seek还可以表示“征求，寻求，谋求，追求”。例如：
①Most men seek wealth; all men seek happiness.
多数人谋求财富，所有的人都谋求幸福。
②Our purpose was to seek friendship and cooperation.
我们的目的是寻求友谊和合作。
③You should seek advice from your parents on this problem.
在这个问题上你应该征求你父母的建议。
④He who seeks trouble never misses.
自找麻烦，肯定会碰到麻烦。（谚语）
8．without的用法
without[wi'Jaut] 后跟-ing的被动式，作方式状语，表示“未经／被……”的意思。例如：
①He left the classroom without being permitted.
他未经许可就离开教室。
②She walked away from home on a dark night without being seen.
她在黑暗中离家出走，没有被人看见。
③He was lucky; he escaped from the burning house without being injured.
他真幸运，他从着火的房子里逃了出来，没有受伤
1．break down的用法
break down意为“分解”。例如：
①It is not easy to break down plastics and other similar rubbish.
塑料和其他类似垃圾不容易分解。
②Sugar and starch are broken down in the stomach.
糖和淀粉在胃中被分解。
③Water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen. 水可以分解成氢和氧。
▲break down 意为“坏了”。例如：
①When the pumps the broke down, they would repair them for us.
水泵坏了，他们就帮我们修。
②Their equipment frequently broke down.
他们的设备经常坏。
2．break up的用法
break up意为“驱散”（=scatter），“打碎、拆散”（=separate or become separated into parts by breaking）。例如：
①The police came and broke up the meeting.
警察来了并驱散了这个会议。
② The meeting broke up in great confusion.
会议在一片混乱中散会。
③The ship was breaking up on the rock.
船在礁石上撞毁了。
④Where the soil becomes too hard , we break it up.
在土壤过硬的地方，我们就反它打碎。
⑤Sentences can be broken up into clauses, and clauses into phrases.
句子可以分成从句，从句有可分成短语。
3．clean up/clear up/tidy up (=put in order; make clean or tidy)意为：“清理；整理”。例如：
①You should always clean up after a picnic.
野餐后你一要收拾干净。
②He cleared up his room before they arrived.
在他们来之前，他先把房子整理一下。
③Clear/Tidy up the desk before you leave the office, will you?
离开办公室之前，把办公桌整理一下好吗？
④I have to tidy myself up a bit. 我得梳理一下。
4．compared to 的用法
compared to 意为“和……比起来；与……相比”解。例如：
①VCD production this year increased by 50% compared to the last year.
和去年相比，今年VCD的产量提高了50%。
②Compared to 1997, the price of the computer has been reduced by 50%.
和1997年相比电脑的价格降低了50%。
③Compared to many other students, he was lucky enough.
和许多其他学生相比，他是够幸运的了。
④It is a big place now compared to what it used to be.
和过去比起来，它现在是一个大地方了。
5．get rid of的用法
get rid of意为“排除、摆脱、处理掉”。例如：
①We must get rid of the bad habits. 我们必须去掉坏习惯。
②We must get rid of all our worries and have a good rest.
我们必须排除一切烦恼，好好休息一下。
③How can I get rid of my toothache?
我怎样才能治好牙痛呢？
④They asked us to get rid of these old cars.
他们要求我们把这些旧车处理掉。
⑤He is always troubling me. How can I get rid of him?
他总是给我找麻烦，我怎样才能摆脱他呢？
⑥We'd better get rid of these old books and newspapers.
我们最好把这些旧书籍和报纸处理掉。
6．take up的用法
take up意为“对……有兴趣，从事（某事）（作为嗜好、事业等）”（＝interest oneself in; engage in sth. [as a hobby. business etc.]）。例如：
①His father takes up computers.
他爸爸从事电脑工作。
②They seem to be very much taken up with stamps.
他们似乎对邮票很感兴趣。
7．deal with的用法
deal with意为“处理”。deal的过去式和过去分词都是dealt。例如：
① I don't know how to deal with the problem.
我们不知道如何处理这个问题。
②At the beginning of this term, we'll have many difficulties to deal with.
这学期开始我们将有许多难题要解决。
③That matter needs to be dealt with. 那件事需要处理了。
▲deal with还可以作“对待；对付”解。例如：
④The old lady is hard to deal with. 那个老太太很难对付。
⑤What is the best way of dealing with the cruel enemy?
对付残忍的敌人最好的办法是什么？
【注意】deal with 还可以作“论述或谈论（某问题）”解。例如：
①This book deals with problems of pollution.
这本书论述污染问题。
②He made a speech at the conference, dealing with folk music.
他在大会上做了一次演讲，谈民间音乐。
8．no matter的用法
no matter意为“不管；无论”，常与疑问词 who，what，when，where，how等连用，引导让步状语从句。例如：
①No matter how late he goes to bed, he always gets up early.
不管睡的多晚，他总是起得很早。
②No matter who attend the conference, I'd like to stay at home.
不管是谁参加会议，我都要呆在家里。
③No matter what you say, I won't believe you.
不管你说什么，我都不不相信你。
④No matter how hard she worked, she couldn't satisfy her teacher.
不管她学习多么刻苦，她总是不能使老师满意。
⑤No matter where you go, you must work hard.
不管你上哪儿，都要努力工作。
9．be against的用法
be against意为“反对；违背”（＝be in opposition to）。例如：
①He was strongly against slavery.
他极力反对奴隶制。
②Anyone who is against the plan raise your hand.
任何反对这个计划的人，请举手。
③It's against our school rules for the girl students to wear necklace.
女生戴项链是违反我校校规的。
④Mary got married to Tom. It was against her parent's wishes.
玛丽与汤姆结婚了，这是违背她父母愿望的。
⑤It is against your promise to go on smoking.
你继续抽烟是违背你的诺言的。
【注意】be for意为“赞成”（=to support，to say yes to）。例如：
①Are you for the proposal or against it?
你是赞成这个建议还是反对它？
②The young people were strongly against the old teaching methods.
年轻人极力反对旧的教学方法。
③Is he for giving up the plan for travelling?
他赞成放弃这个旅行计划吗？
10．depend on的用法
depend on意为“依靠”（＝rely on）。例如：
①The price of the computer depends on the quality.
电脑的价格依靠质量而定。
②Whether he can go to attend the meeting or not depends on the weather.
他是否能参加这次会议要依靠天气情况而定。
③Their success depends on their continuing effort.
他们的成功依赖于他们不懈的努力。
语法基础知识
Word Formation
英语主要有三种构词法：
1．转化（conversion）是由一个词类转化为另一词类，拼写不变。
1）v．→n．动词转化名词，意思变化不大。
have a try试一试
go for a walk去散步
have a look看一看
2）v．→n．动词转化名词，意思有一定的变化。
equal say平等的发言权
The two games were draws. 两场比赛打成平局。
3）n．→v．名词转化动词。
book the ticket定票 chair the meeting主持会议
seat 1000 people能坐一千人
4）adj．→v．形容词转化动词。
The train slowed down. 火车减速了。
The sun can warm up the soil. 太阳可使土地暧和起来。
5）v．→n．动词转化成名词后重音发生变化。动词重音在前，名词重音在后。
export [eks'p&:t] v．出口 ['eksp&:t]n．出口
import[im'p&:t]v．进口 ['imp&:t] n．进口
increase[in'kri:s] v．增加 ['inkri:s]n．增加
2．派生（Derivation）通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。
1）前缀
①反义词前缀：un-，dis-，in-，im-，ir-，it-，non-
②其他意思前缀： re-重新； co-共同；anti-反对 ；over-过于；pre-预先；post-在……之后；fore-前；self-自动的，自我的；semi-半；vice-副；bi-双；tri-三。
③动词构成前缀：en-（endanger）
④a-构成形容词（asleep）
2）后缀
①名词：-er，-or，-ess，-ian，-ness，-tion，-ment，-ing，-ship，-ity，-ance，-ence等。
②形容词：-ful，-less，-ish，-ous，-able，-ly，-y，-some
③动词：-ize，-en，-ify
④副词：-ly，-ward，-wise
⑤数词：-teen，-ty，-th
3．合成（Compounding）由两个或更多的词合成一个词。
①形容词：good-looking好看的；peace-loving热爱和平的；well-known著名的；new-born新生的。
②名同：silkworm蚕；shorthand速记；waiting-room候车室；sleeping-pills安眠药。
③动词：overthrow推翻；white-wash粉刷。
④副词：maybe或许；whoever不管是谁；whole-heartedly全心全意地。