作者:时永春
名词性从句除可由that引导外,其余主要由wh-型连接词(whether, who, whom, whose, which, what, when, where, why)引导。(how虽非以wh-开头,但其用法与when,where,why相似,我们可将其划为同一类型。)
一、wh-引导的名词性从句的功能分类
1. 主语从句
Who will be elected matters a lot. 谁将当选关系重大。
2. 宾语从句
Can you tell me how I can get to the station? 你能告诉我怎么去车站吗?
3. 表语从句
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
4. 同位语从句(用在doubt, idea, message, question等名词后)
I have no idea what we should do next. 我不知道下一步我们该干什么。
二、名词性从句难点分析
1. that与wh-型引导词的区别
引导名词性从句时,that一般仅起连接作用,不作句子成分,无任何含义;而wh-型引导词各具不同含义,除whether外,都作从句之句子成分。
It's well understood what controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out of the atmosphere today. 是什么控制着大气层内外二氧化碳的流动,这一点现今已很清楚了。
That fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. 国与国之间时尚的不同,或许会从一方面反映出文化的不同。
2. what / which / who(m) / whose与whatever / whichever / who(m)ever / whosever两类关联词的差异
1) what与whatever仅含义有所不同。what或表示疑问意义"什么",或相当于the thing(s) that; whatever相当于anything / everything that, 强调"无论什么"。
A computer can only do what you have instructed it to do. 电脑只能做你指令它做的事情。
It's generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants. 无论孩子要什么都满足其要求被普遍认为是不明智的。
2) which / who(m) / whose引导名词性从句时,整个从句作主句的一个句子成分,而从句仍具疑问意义;whichever / who(m)ever / whosever引导名词性从句时,
强调"无论......;不管......",而且引导词及其所修饰的词可起双重作用:既作从句之句子成分,又作主句之句子成分。
Do you know who all these people are?你知道这些人都是谁吗?
I'll take whoever wants to go there. 谁想去那儿我就带谁去。
3. whether与if的异同
whether可引导各种名词性从句,当从句位于句首时whether不可用if替换;if一般只有在动词后的宾语从句和以it作形式主语的主语从句中可代替whether。
Whether he is fit for the job is a question. 他是否胜任这份工作是个问题。
It hasn't been decided whether / if we'll attend the meeting. 我们是否将出席会议还没有决定下来。