作者:呼振璞
语态是动词的一种形式。主动语态表示主语执行动作,被动语态表示主语承受动作。
一、被动语态的结构形式
被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。在接下来的几个单元里,我们将陆续学到以下几种形式的被动语态:
1. 一般现在时被动结构:are / is / am +done (done为及物动词的过去分词)。如:
Football is played all over the world. 足球运动全世界都盛行。
2. 一般过去时被动结构:was / were + done。 如:
His leg was broken yesterday. 他的腿昨天骨折了。
3. 一般将来时被动结构:shall / will be +done或be going to be + done。如:
More factories will be built in our hometown. 我们家乡将建更多的工厂。
Japanese is not going to be taught this term. 本学期不准备开设日语课。
4. 现在进行时被动结构:am /is /are + being + done。如:
My shoes are being mended. 我的鞋正在修。
5. 现在完成时被动结构:have /has been + done。如:
The work has been finished. 工作已完成了。
6. 含情态动词的被动语态:"情态动词 + be + done ",其中be不再有人称和数的变化。如:
The work must be finished today. 这工作今天必须完成。
It can be done in a minute. 这事马上可以做。
二、被动语态适用的情况
被动语态归纳起来大体适用于以下四种情况:
1.当我们不知道动作的执行者时; 2.我们不必提出动作的执行者时;3. 我们要强调动作的承受者时;4. 出于行文的需要。如:
(1) This bridge was built last year.
(2) I was born in 1957.
(3) She is liked by everyone.
(4) Tom was sent to the school by his parents when he was nine.
三、主动语态变为被动语态的方法
1.变换结构图:
2. 变换步骤:
先确定主动句的主、谓、宾,再将主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语,主动句的主语变成被动句中介词by的宾语(没必要说出动作的执行者时可略去"by+宾");主动句的谓语动词要变成"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词",但时态不能改变;变化时还得注意"数"(助动词要与新的主语保持"数"的一致)和"格"(若主语和宾语是人称代词,"宾作主"时宾格要变成主格,"主作宾"时主格要变成宾格);时间状语、地点状语等其余部分可重现于被动句中。 如:
We plant trees every year. →
Trees are planted every year by us.
有些及物动词(其主语大都是物)的主动语态可以表示被动意义。通常有以下几种情况:
1. look, smell, sound, feel, taste等作连系动词用时。如:
棉花摸上去很柔软。
误:Cotton is felt soft.
正:Cotton feels soft.
这话听上去很有道理。
误:That is sounded reasonable.
正:That sounds reasonable.
2. write, read, sell, wash, open, lock等动词被副词加以修饰,表达效果和程度时。如:
This pen writes well. 这支笔很好用。
The poem reads smoothly. 这首诗读起来很流畅。
3. 动词need, want等接动名词作宾语时。如:
His shoes need mending. 他的鞋需要修补。
4. easy, hard, cheap, important, difficult, nice等形容词作表语,后接不定式,且句子的主语在逻辑上是不定式的宾语时。如:
The question is hard to answer. 这问题很难回答。