Warming up listening speaking
1．attend
1) vt.出席，参加
attend a meeting 出席会议
Our teacher suggested that he (should) attend a technical school.
我们的老师建议他去上技校。
2) vi 注意听；倾听 此时常与介词to 连用
The boy didn’t attend to the teacher/ to what the teacher was saying.
这个男生没有注意听老师讲话。
3) vi & vt 照顾；护理；伺候
He is attending to some very important customers.
他正在接待一些重要顾客。
考题:
Before using the machine, you must _____ carefully to these instructions. ( D )
A. join B. join in C. take part in D. attend
2．句型：Why do you think so?
替代词so 可用来表示”相信”,”希望”, “设想”等含义动词后的从句, 使得句子简明, 有力.
Is he going to study abroad?
I believe so.
他打算去留学吗? 我想是的.
注意: 表示意义否定时, 可用not 代替so, believe, suppose, think 等也可说 I don’t believe(…)so, 但hope, be afraid, guess只可说 I hope not; I’m afraid not; I guess not.
拓展: 作为替代词so还可以用于以下场合:
so 可替代seem, appear, become, remain, be等词后面的名词,形容词及be afraid之后的从句.
I could hardly believe it but it was true.
我几乎不能相信,不过这确实是真的.
so 可与if 等从属连词搭配, 构成无动词条件句.
Have you done this week’s washing? If so, I’ll ask you to see a film tonight.
你本周的衣服洗完了吗? 如果洗完了, 我今晚请你看电影.
Reading
Comprehension
1.“Sustainable development”was brought forth___
A. at the Stockholm Summit
B. at the Johannesburg Earth Summit
C. by the World Health Organization
D. by China’s former Premier Zhu Ronji
2. What do the “big three”refer to according to the passage?
A. contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation and air pollution
B. Poverty, war and violence
C. Food, clothing and shelter
D. Clean water, good environment and easy transportation
3. Which of the following is the main cause of millions of death in rural areas?
A. Lack of drinking water B. Poor sanitation
C. Air pollution D. Freezing sold
4. The first paragraph mainly tells us_____
A. where the Earth Summit was held
B. when the Earth Summit is cold
C. how people discuss the most important problems
D. what is the function of the Earth Summit
5. which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
A. Different countries have different opinions about development
B. Equality and fairness are badly needed in the today’s world
C. The Earth Summit, a way to save the earth
D. Sustainable development, the future for the world
6. the third paragraph suggests that ____
A. it is not too late for us to do something to save the earth
B. we needn’t be so worried about the environment of the earth
C. there are problems facing the earth, but not serious enough
D. we will change our way of life sooner or later
7. The Earth Summit is important mainly because_____
A. it helps people realize that many of the things they do every day are bad for the environment
B. it is a place to discuss problems and find solutions for the future.
C. most of the important leaders from different countries come to attend it
D. it spreads messages across every part of the world
8. The key to solving the major problems facing the earth is______
A. to educate the people of the world
B. to improve the living conditions
C. to treat people equally and fairly
D. to hold conferences like the Earth Summit frequently
1．summit 最高级会议，首脑会议
Group 8 summit 八国首脑会议
比较： conference, meeting
conference 比较正式，指重大，规模较大的会议或专业性较强的学术研讨会议
meeting 为普通名词，指一般性会议
The international economic conference was held in shanghai last week.
国际经济会议上周在上海举行。
We have a class meeting every Monday.
每周一我们有班会。
2．content
1) n. （pl）所含之物，内容
What are the contents of the box?
这盒子里是些什么东西？
2) n. 内容，目录
The French newspaper is always six pages in content
那家法文报纸总是有六版的内容
3) n. (u) 含有量
It’s carbon content is 4%.
碳的含量是百分之四。
4）adj. 满足的，满意的
The teacher is not content with my work, I have to do it again.
老师不满意我的作业，我只好重做。
3．introduction n.介绍
a letter of introduction 介绍信
make a formal introduction正式介绍
2）（u）前言，引论 此时常与介词to 连用
an introduction to Biochemistry 《生物化学入门》
There is an introduction in the front of the book, which tells you about the book.
卷首有一篇引言介绍书的内容。
4.representative
n. (c) 代表，代理人
I have the honor to have been sent as their representative.
我很荣幸被派来作他们的代表。
2）adj. 代表性的；典型的
Beijing is a representative Chinese city.
北京是一个典型的中国城市。
4．access n.
1) (u) (向场所，人等的)的接近；进入；（资料等的）取得； 利用， 后接介词to
Few men have direct access to the king.
很少人能接近国王。
2）接近（取得）的方法；门路；使用（参加）的权利
I have access to his office.
我可以进出他的办公室。
习语：easy/hard/difficult of access 容易/不易接近
gain/ obtain access to… 得以接近/进入/会见…
give access to … 使能接近
5．Stress
1) vt. 强调,着重
Mother stressed that Jacky should be home by ten o’clock.
妈妈强调,杰基一定要在十点钟之前回家.
2) n. (c) 重音, 重读 其复数形式是stresses, 后接介词on
The stress is on the first part of the word.
这个词的重音在前半部.
3) n. 压力, 压迫
His vacation freed him from the stress of his job.
他的假期使他消除了工作所带来的压力.
6. harmony n. (u) 调和; 一致; 和谐; 和睦; 融洽
There was not much harmony in international affairs during those years.
那些年国际事态不很协调.
in harmony 和睦地; 和谐地
in /out harmony with … (与…) 调和/不调和
live in harmony 和睦相处
Bob and I worked together in harmony for years.
鲍勃和我一起和睦地工作了有数十年了.
There was once a town in this country where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings.
从前这个国家有个城市,在那里所有生物和环境都十分和谐.
harmonious adj. 和谐的, 和睦的
7. wipe vt. 擦, 揩, 擦干净
The mother told her son to wipe his face clean.
母亲叫儿子把脸擦净.
wipe away 擦去
wipe off 擦掉
wipe out 擦洗…的内部
wipe up 擦净(液体等)
8. That is 15% of all the deaths in the world. 那是世界死亡人口总数的15%.
That is 意为”那就是”. 它在句中还常作插入语, 意思为”即”. 是对上文的解释, 相当于namely, or.
He drove 150 kilometres an hour, that is 300 li.
他开车每小时时速150公里, 即300里.
作插入语时还常说that is to say, 可翻译成”即”或”那就是说”
He got a bachelor’s degree, that is to say, he graduated successfully.
他获得了学士学位, 那就是说, 他成功地毕业了.
9. 20% of the people on earth do not have access to clean drinking water.
地球上20%的人喝不到清洁水。
on earth 从字面上解释, 是”在地球上”, “世界上”之意, 也可以说on the earth, 如本课是. 如:
there are seven continents on earth=( in the world)
地球上有七大洲.
On earth 与疑问词或形容词连用时起加强语气的作用, 常作 “究竟””到底怎样”解释.
How on earth did that happen?
那究竟是怎样发生的?
Where on earth did I put those keys?
我把那串钥匙放哪儿了？
On earth用于否定句中，相当于not…at all， 意为“一点也不”。如：
Nothing on earth can prevent me from doing that.
没有什么能阻止我那样做。
考例：what _____ do you mean _____ stopping us from going there.
A. on the earth; of B. on earth; by
C. on the earth; by D. in the earth; by B
10. if we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create.
如果我们要成功地开发世界，就必须确保人人都能够参与我们创造的新世界。
be to do 计划，打算
we are to go to town this afternoon. 下午我们打算去城里。
拓展：be to do 的常见用法有：
表命令， 意为“必须，不得不”
You are to do your homework before you watch TV.
你得做完了作业才能看电视。
表示可能性，相当于can，主要用于疑问句和否定句。
How am I to know what has become of him?
我怎么知道他的遭遇如何？
表示假设
certain skills must be learned if one is to use English effectively.
如果想有效地使用英语，某些技巧是必须得学的。
表目的
this house is to be lent or sold?
这房子要出租或出售。
表示结果
he was to blame for not locking the door.
没有锁门是他的过错。
表示命运注定……，通常用于过去时。
He came to power, but he was to pay dearly for it; soon he was assassinated.
他得到了权力，但却为此付出了昂贵的代价；不久他就被暗杀了。
考例：In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they____.（在如此干燥的天气里，如果让花存活，就必须给其浇水。）
A. have survived B. are to survive
C. would survive D. will survive B(表假设)
11. All too often, global development means that rich people get richer while the poor get pooter.
实在太常见, 世界的发展意味着富人更富而穷人更穷.
all too 的用法:
all too 意为”实在太…”, “太过” “非常”, 后接形容词或副，如
all too easy 太容易
all too often 经常
all too soon 总是太早
all too few 实在太少
all too short.实在太短
It was all too early when we reached the top of the hill. The sun hadn’t risen yet.
我们到山顶时天还太早, 太阳还没升起.
The mistakes that he has made are always too few.
他犯的错误实在太少.
12. conference like the earth summit help people understand that there exist serious problems and that there is still time to take action.
像这样的峰会帮助人们理解世界上存在的严重问题, 并且知道还有时间采取行动.
1) 句中that there exist serious problems 和that there is still time to take action 是并列的宾语从句, 这两个从句中的连词that通常不能省略.
He told us that he would come to see us and that he would stay here for a month.
他告诉我们他将来看我们并在这儿住上一个月.
2) there exist serious problems 属于there be 句型. There be 句型中, 还可以用其他动词来代替be. 如live, stand, exist, lie, come about等, 这些动词通常为不及物动词.
Once upon a time, there lived a fisherman on the island.
很久以前, 岛上住着一位渔夫.
In 1895, there came about a war between the two countries.
1895年两国间发生了一场战争.
3） take action 采取行动, 开始起作用. 名词action前可有形容词修饰. 例如:
take legal action
take firm action
we must take immediate action if we want to avoid future losses.
如果我们想避免更大的损失, 我们必须立即采取行动.
11． With better education, people will be able to build a better society in harmony with nature and perhaps put an end to the death and suffering caused by the big three.
教育改善之后，人们将能够建设与大自然和谐相处的美好社会，也许还能够消灭由三大公害带来的危害。
put an end to “终止”, “废止”, 此处to 为介词, 后接名词,代词或动名词.
Only political solution could put an end to the violence.
只有政治解决方案才能结束暴力
bring…to an end使…终止
come to an end 完毕，结束
make an end of 把…终止
make (both) ends meet量入为出
at the end of 在…末尾
by the end of… 到…末尾
in the end 终于，归根到底
on end 竖着， 连续地
when the play ____ to an end, we went back home.
A. put B. went C. came D. come C
Integrating skills
1. defend vt.保卫…（免受…之害）；防守
They couldn’t prevent us defending our rights.
他们不能阻挠我们捍卫我们的权利。
拓展：defend 还可表示“为…辩护（答辩）”
The lawyer defended the accused.
这名律师替被告辩护。