参考教案 教学建议 教学建议（Suggested teaching notes ）
一、教学内容分析
本单元的中心话题是当代人类最为关注的人口问题。除了听力材料（有关语言的使用），说、读和写的练习绝大部分都是围绕中心话题的。阅读课文Standing room only（只有立足之地）以雄辩的事实对学生进行人口教育。本单元所涉及的语言教学重点有以下几个：
（一）数词的表达方法。特别是10,000-1 billion的读法。
（二）过去将来时的构成，过去将来时的肯定、否定和疑问式及过去将来时的基本用法。本单元主要教学在宾语从句中使用过去将来时，对于已经学过宾语从句的学生来说并不难理解。
（三）理解用过去进行时 was ( were ) going to 表示从过去某时看打算、准备做的事情，但只限于某些表示位置移动的动词，如：leave, come, arrive, go , start 等。
（四）有关询问人口的句型： What's the population of…? （……有多少人口？）问某个国家有多少人口（population）时，用 what 提问，而不用 how much或how many。
二、教学方法建议
（一）第77课重点训练大数字的读法，除了要向学生讲清楚读多位数字要注意的规则外，还要引导学生通过练习逐渐熟练地掌握，不要急于求成。本单元话题是世界人口问题，为训练多位数字的读法提供了真实、自然的语言情景。
第77课第一、二部分主要是教学多位数字的引入和练习阶段，可用卡片或把数字写在黑板上的方法教学。教师应引导学生总结读数字的规律。
Numbers Chinese English
10,000 一万 ten thousand
100,000 十万 hundred thousand
1,000,000 百万 million
10,000,000 千万 ten million
100,000,000 亿 hundred million
1,000,000,000 十亿 thousand million / billion
在处理第三部分 Ask and answer时，可用世界地图，从中国人口谈起，如： This is China. How many people are there in China? 然后换句话问： What's the population of China? 鼓励学生从上下文中猜测population的词义。引导学生答出：About 1,200,000,000，接下来再问： Do you think it will grow? 等。这样反复练习几个国家后，再让学生打开书分小组做替换练习。
（二）第78课课文“只有立足之地”通过介绍世界人口迅速增长的状况，说明控制人口增长的重要性和必然性。可以在让学生打开书前，问一些有关问题，如： The world's population is growing very fast. This is a big problem. Can anyone tell me why? 引导学生认识到世界人口的迅速增长会带来粮食缺少，就业困难和住房紧张等问题，并由此引出课文题目Standing room only。在解释课文题目时，可以让学生打开书看课文插图，或通过切身体会谈人口多的弊病与生活空间狭小的麻烦。可以引导学生通过阅读课文理解课文题目的含义，也可以先初步了解课文题目的意思预测课文中要谈到的内容。有意识地培养学生利用课文题目和课文插图预测课文内容的能力。在阅读课文前，可以给学生一个快速查阅（scanning）的任务，例如让他们在一分钟内，从课文中找出有关世界人口增长的一组数字。如：
the number of babies born in one minute
the number of babies born in one hour
the world's population two thousand years ago
the world's population in 1990
阅读课文后，可以让学生分组讨论课文中提出的人口增长的问题，进一步认识到中国实行计划生育（Family planning）政策的必要性和深远意义。也可以做角色表演（Role play），其中一人是《中学生报》记者，另一人是人口问题专家，小记者和人口问题专家可根据课文内容就世界人口问题进行问答，然后互换角色。练习册中的练习在课上口头作完后，还可以留作家庭作业进一步练习、巩固。
（三）第79课前两部分Read and learn和 Ask and answer进一步练习大数字的读法。教师可用简易的英语举一些国家的例子说明 the more developed countries和the less developed countries的概念。然后让学生两人一组做问答，最后一句一句地放录音中的问题让单个学生回答，师生共同检查答案。
第三部分 Make sentences，为学生理解过去将来时提供了范例。最好在学生做这个练习前由教师利用本单元话题引出过去将来时态。如：In 1950, the population of the less developed countries was 1,693,000,000. They never knew that population would be a big problem. At that time, many families in China wanted three or four or even five children. They never knew that China's population would grow so fast. 等等。
（四）本单元的语法重点是过去将来时。过去将来时是表示对过去某一时间来说将要发生的动作或状况。通常用 would或was / were going to + 动词原形来表示。如：
He said he would go to his home town for the Spring Festival. 他说他将回家乡去过春节。
They told me that they would visit China the next week. 他们告诉我他们下星期将访问中国。
She said that she was going to do some shopping the next day. 她说她第二天将去买东西。过去将来时通常在以下几种情况下使用。
1．主句为过去时，在宾语从句中表示将来的事情用过去将来时。如第79课中第3部分Make sentences 中的句子。第一、二句的意思是：“我当时不知道那时他快要有孩子了。”“我叔叔当时不知道中国的人口将会增长得如此迅速。”
2．在叙述过去的事情时，在当时看来将要发生的事。如：
She was our new teacher and she would be 30 years old that year. We all liked her very much and we were going to have a party for her birthday. 她那时是我们的新老师。她那一年就到30岁了。我们非常喜欢她，打算为她举办一次生日聚会。
过去将来时还有其他一些用法，教师不必讲得太多，因为这个时态在初中阶段仅要求理解。可以指导学生把一些句子改为过去将来时，如第55课第二部分中的部分句子。如：
The small children did not know who would fill their stockings. 小孩子们不知道谁将往他们的袜子里塞东西。
They didn't know what would be in their stockings. 他们不知道袜子里将会有什么东西。
下面一组句子可供教师们作补充练习：
I didn't know that they would be all there. 我不知道他们都会去那儿。
They didn't know whether we would win or not. 他们不知道我们是否会取胜。
He told Jim not to worry. He would take care of Polly. 他告诉吉姆不必担心。他会照看波利的。
He said he was going to send me a Christmas card. 他说他将给我寄一张圣诞卡。
I couldn't decide which school I would go to. 我当时无法决定上哪一所学校。
参考教案 Unit 20 The worlds population 教学参考资料 示例二
教学参考资料（Reference for teaching）
补充注释（Additional notes）
1．What's the population of Germany? 德国有多少人口？
population指总人口数，后面的谓语动词用单数形式。表示人口的“多”、“少”可用large 或small。如：
China has a large population. 中国人口众多。
2．Standing room only 只有立足之地。
room在此表示“地方”、“空间”的意思，为不可数名词。又如：
There is room for one more. 还有一个人的地方。（还能挤下一个人。）
There is only standing room in the bus. 公共汽车上只有站的地方了。
3． Maybe you think that is't many. 也许你认为那不算多。
that指上文提到的 174 babies were born in the world in one minute, 是代词，作宾语从句的主语，而不是连词，不能省略。
4．So it goes on, hour after hour. 情况就像这样一小时接一小时地继续下去。在after前后连接一个相同的单数名词，表示“一个接着一个的”。类似的说法还有：
day after day 日复一日
year after year 年复一年
bus after bus 一辆又一辆公共汽车
letter after letter 一封又一封信
5．The world's population is growing faster and faster. 世界人口增长越来越快。
比较级叠用，表示“越来越……”的意思。又如：
He ran faster and faster. 他越跑越快。
Our country is getting stronger and stronger. 我们国家越来越强大。
6 ．at the beginning of 在……开始时；在……之初，指时间。如：
at the beginning of the new term 在新学期开始时
at the beginning of July 在七月初
at the beginning of 还可指位置，意思是“在……的开头”。如：
You'll find the sentence at the beginning of the text. 你可以在课文开头找到这句话。
7．A UN report says that the world population will pass six billion by the end of the twentieth century. 一份联合国的报告说，世界人口到20世纪末将超过60亿。
by在这里的意思是“到……时候为止”。又如：
We have learned 800 new words by the end of this school year. 到这个学年末，我们已经学了800个生词。
He will be 15 years old by the end of next month. 他到下个月底就15岁了。
参考教案 Unit 20 The worlds population 教学步骤 示例二
教学步骤（Teaching steps）
Lesson 77
Step 1 Revision
1 Check the homework.
2 Revise numbers between 1 and 100 by giving the Ss a quick numbers dictation 19, 34, 8, 95, 21, 47, 60, 82, 53, 76. Let the Ss check their answers in pairs. Then write the answers on the Bb.
Step 2 Presentation
Use flashcards or numbers on the Bb to revise one hundred Present a thousand in the same way. Then present ten thousand / a hundred thousand/ a million / and a billion.
Give the Ss plenty of practice in reading these numbers.
Point out the difference between English and Chinese for 10,000 and 100,000: in English the name depends on the position of the comma; i. e. 100,000 = one hundred thousand ( one hundred comes before the comma ).
Write the following on the Bb, which can help the Ss to learn big numbers
100 one hundred
1,000 one thousand
10,000 ten thousand
100,000 one hundred thousand
1,000,000 one million
10,000,000 ten million
100,000,000 one hundred million
1,000,000,000 one billion
Remind the Ss to look at the Notes to the Text, page 109.
Step 3 Drill
SB page 77, Part 1. Speech Cassette Lesson 77. Play the tape for the Ss to listen and repeat.
Write numbers on the Bb, or hold up flash cards, to give the Ss more practice in saying the numbers.
Step 4 Presentation
Present more difficult numbers: e. g. 119 = a hundred and nineteen. Remind the Ss to use the word and after hundred.
Present and practise numbers such as 1,119 = one thousand, one hundred and nineteen. Note, again, the use of and after hundred.
SB page 77, Part 2. Go through the model. Point out how commas are used in the name of the number in the same place as in the number itself.
Let the Ss try to say the numbers in this exercise. Then Speech Cassette Lesson 77. Play the tape for the Ss to listen and repeat.
Step 5 Practice
Write some mathematical problems on the Bb, like these:
Get the Ss to work out the answers and read the answers aloud. Let the Ss make up and solve mathematics problems in pairs.
Step 6 Ask and answer
SB page 77, Part 3. Use a map of the world if possible. Go through the contents of the table. See if the Ss can guess the meaning of population. Ask the class some questions as a model: let the Ss answer using About…. Finally, get the Ss to ask and answer in pairs.
Step 7 Workbook
Wb Lesson 77, Exx. 1 and 2. Do Ex. 1 orally with the whole class, then let the Ss write down their answers Check the answers. The answers are: 45,000,000; 57, 218, 000; 1, 132, 000, 000;
1, 336, 820, 000; 308, 000, 000; 403, 590, 087. For Ex. 2, let the Ss work on their own, writing answers in their exercise books. Check the answers by asking them to read the numbers aloud. The answers are: nine hundred and eighty-seven; six hundred and fifty-four; seven hundred and eleven; two hundred and one; one thousand, three hundred; five thousand, one hundred and ten; four thousand, nine hundred and forty-four; sixty-four thousand; a hundred and fifty thousand; eight million, six hundred and seventy thousand; one billion, two hundred million.
Do Ex. 4 if time permits.
Step 8 Consolidation
Revise SB page 77, Parts 1 and 2.
Homework
Finish off the Workbook exercises.
Get the Ss to find out the answers to Ex. 3.
参考教案 Unit 20 The worlds population 教学步骤 Lesson78 示例二
Lesson 78
Note: The world's population is now over 5.5 billion. It is likely to reach 10 billion by the middle of the 21st century. The Third World population is rising rapidly, straining health and education systems, hitting the environment, causing explosive urban growth and complicating food supply. So population explosion has become a serious problem. The reading passage in this lesson aims to draw the students' concern about this great world problem.
Step 1 Revision
1 Check the homework. Do Wb Lesson 77, Ex. 3.
2 Give a numbers dictation: one thousand (1,000); one hundred and twenty-three thousand, four hundred and fifty-six(123, 456) ; ten million, three hundred and sixty-six thousand (10, 366, 000); six billion, five hundred and twelve million (6, 512, 000, 000).
Check the answers.
Step 2 Preparation for reading
Ask What's the population of China / India / the world? The Ss can check in SB page 77, Part 3 if they cannot remember.
Tell the Ss Today we are going to read about the world's population. The world's population is growing very fast. This is a big problem. Can anyone tell me why? Help the Ss to answer (There isn't enough food, work for so many people. There aren't enough houses…, etc).
SB page 78. Read through the questions at the top of the page. Make sure the Ss understand what to do when they read the passage quickly. See who can answer the questions first!
Wb Lesson 78, Ex. 1. Read through the questions and make sure the Ss understand them.
Step 3 Reading
Let the Ss read the passage again, more carefully. Then, in pairs, they can answer the questions in Wb Ex. 1 orally. Check the answers with the whole class. This is a good time to discuss vocabulary or grammar problems that arise. See if the Ss can guess the meaning of words such as earth, mouth, space and century.
Point out the use of comparatives of adjectives and adverbs in the passage. If necessary, revise the forms of comparison.
Then let the Ss write the answers to the questions in their exercise books.
Step 4 Reading aloud
SB page 78. Speech Cassette Lesson 78. Play the tape for the Ss to listen and repeat. Pay special attention to the numbers in the passage.
Step 5 Workbook
Books closed! Do Wb Ex. 2. Ss work alone， then check their answers In pairs． Finally， check the answers with the whole class．The answers are: are, in, minute, for, mouths, problem, population, faster, number, report, report, world's, billion, century, by, billion, in, room, space, else.
Do Ex. 3. The answers are: A: did, go; B: went; A: Did, buy; B: bought, were; A: found; B: hate; B: went, moved, see; A: Was; B: was, crying; found.
Step 6 Consolidation
Revise the contents of the passage, using the questions in Wb Ex. 1 to guide you. Discuss the problems that the population explosion will bring. Get the SS to use as much English as possible.
Homework
Revise the contents of the passage.
Finish off the Workbook exercises.
参考教案 Unit 20 The worlds population 教学步骤 Lesson79 示例二
Lesson 79
Step 1 Revision
1 Give a short numbers dictation. Choose the numbers according to the weaknesses of your Ss. Write the answers on the Bb.
2 Check the homework.
3 Revise the contents of the passage in Lesson 78, using the questions in Wb Lesson 78, Ex. 1 to guide you.
Step 2 Presentation
Books closed. Say to the Ss: Tell me the names of some countries. Collect the names on the Bb. Revise the comparative forms of adjectives by asking: Which is larger, China or France? Which country is nearest China: India, Canada or Japan? Which country has the largest population? etc.
Teach the word developed. Tell the Ss Some countries, such as Germany, the USA, France and Great Britain, are called more developed countries or First World countries. India and China are called developing countries, because they are less developed at the moment. (See if the Ss can understand the meaning of developed from this explanation. If not, give the Chinese translation. )
SB page 79, Part 1. Books open. Go through the contents of the diagram with the Ss.
Step 3 Ask and answer
SB page 79, Part 2. Speech Cassette Lesson 79. Play the tape question by question. Get individual Ss to answer. Then get the Ss to ask and answer in pairs. Notice the position of be in question 2. It is placed next to the auxiliary verb will to avoid being separated too much by the long complement phrase. Step 4 Practice
SB page 79, Part 3. Make up as many sentences as possible, using the given parts in the box. Point out the use of the Future-in-the-Past Tense in the object clauses of these sentences because the action would happen from a given past time mentioned in the main clauses. See Grammar in the Appendix on page 122 of the SB.
Step 5 Workbook
Wb Lesson 79, Exx. 1 and 2. Do Ex. 1 orally with the whole class before the Ss write down their answers.
The answers to Ex. 1 are: A: Have; B: haven't, Is; B: faster, faster; A: problem; B: Of, largest / biggest, as; A: room; B: child.
For Ex. 2, let the Ss work alone first, then check their answers in pairs. Finally check the answers with the whole class.
The answers to Ex. 2 are: 1 C, 2 B, 3 B, 4 D, 5 C, 6 B, 7 A.
Step 6 Consolidation
Revise SB page 79, Parts 2 and 3. For Part 3, get individual Ss to make up as many sentences as possible by using the Future-in-the-Past Tense.
Homework
Finish off the Workbook exercises.
Do Ex. 3. Make sure the Ss understand the meaning the Future-in-the-Past Tense.
Revise the contents of this unit.
参考教案 Unit 20 The worlds population 教学步骤 Lesson80 示例二
Lesson 80
Step 1 Revision
1 Check the homework.
2 Revise the diagram in Lesson 79, using the questions in SB page 79, Part 2 to guide you. Step 2 Preparation for listening
Wb Lesson 80, Ex. 1. Tell the Ss Today we are going to hear about different languages in the world. First, let me ask you some questions. Which Language is spoken in France / Germany / the USA?
Read through the questions in Ex. 1. Get the Ss to read the numbers aloud. Let them guess their answers using a pencil.
Step 3 Listening
SB page 80, Part 1. Listening Cassette Lesson 80. Wb Lesson 80, Ex. 1. Play the tape once or twice as necessary. Let the Ss check their answers in pairs before you check the answers with the whole class.
Listening text
Listen to the tape, and answer the questions on page 80 of your workbook.
Languages in the modern world
How many different languages are spoken in the world today? There are about 5,000 different languages. Nearly 900 languages are spoken in India. Chinese is the language spoken by the most number of people in the world. But the most widely spoken language in the world is English. 330,000,000 people speak English as a first language. Nearly twice as many-about 650 million people-speak it as a foreign language.
How many words are there in the English language? There are about 490,000. Also, there are about 300,000 words used in science. There are more words in English than in any other language. But most people use no more than 60,000 words.
Children leaving school at the age of 16 know about 15,000 words.
The answers are: 1 A, 2 B, 3 A, 4 C, 5 B, 6 B, 7 C, 8 A.
Step 4 Practice
SB page 80, Part 2. Discuss the diagram with the Ss. Make sure they understand the information. Let them do the exercise orally in pairs or on their own. Check the answers orally before the Ss write the whole passage in their exercise books.
You may need to translate the final sentence. It means that people will not be able to find room to stand up if the population is too large! Notice the emphatic use of even.
The answers are: small, slowly, quickly, faster, more, smaller, fewer, healthier.
Step 5 Checkpoint 20
Go through checkpoint 20 and make sure the Ss understand the grammar point. See Grammar in the Appendix on page 122 of the SB. Make sure the Ss understand the meaning and use of the “useful expressions”too.
Deal with other problems that arise, including, maybe, the names of numbers.
Step 6 Test
Dictate some numbers: the Ss must write down the figures.
1 a) thirteen thousand, five hundred and eighty three (13, 583)
b) twenty-four million, three hundred and seventy thousand (24, 370, 000)
c) eight billion, five hundred and sixteen million, one hundred and sixty thousand (8, 516, 160, 000)
2 a) six hundred and seventy four
b) three thousand, seven hundred and seventy two
c）fifty eight thousand
d）one hundred and ninety thousand
Step 7 Workbook
Wb Lesson 80, Exx. 2-4.
Check the answers to Ex. 2 on the Bb. The answers are: 1 HUNDRED, 2 THOUSAND, 3 MILLION, 4 BILLION. The answers to Ex. 3 are: 1 more quickly, slowly, 3 larger, 4 fast, 5 hardest, 6 largest, widely. The answer to Ex. 4 is refrigerator ( fridge ).
Step 8 Consolidation
Revise the diagram in Part 2 orally.
Homework
Finish off the Workbook exercises.