Point out the function of each noun in the following sentences:
1.The world loves nature. （subject，object）
2.Knowledge is power . （subject， predicative）
3.We Chinese are peace-loving.(apposition)
名词性从句
名词性从句在功能上相当于名词名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
His job is important. What he does is important
This is his job. This is what he does every day
I don’t like his job。 I don’t like what he does every day.
I don’t know about the man, Mr. White I don’t know about the fact that he is Mr.White.
That the earth is round is right.
I want to know whether he comes or not.
Pay attention to what I said.
The reason is that he was late for school.
The fact that he died made us sad.
如何判断从句的类别？根据从句的位置判断。
①主语从句（从句位于动词前作主语）(it 做形式主语放于句首，主从放句末)
②宾语从句（从句位于动词后或介词，adj作宾语）
③表语从句（从句位于系动词之后作表语）
④同位语从句（从句位于特殊的名词如idea,fact,news等后
补充说明前面的名词）
Ⅰ指出下列各名词性从句的种类
At lunchtime, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon.
She wondered if the buses would still be running.
The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far.
When we will start is not clear.
I had no idea that you were her friend.
名词性从句中的连接词有:
连词: that / whether / as if(though);
连接代词: what / who/ which / whose /
whatever / whoever / whomever
/ whichever，
连接副词: where / when / why / how
/ wherever / whenever
Ⅱ句型转换（1.判断主句，从句 2.看主句是否完整，不完整，则用从句补充，若完整则从句代替其中一个成分）
1.They are good doctors. He told us.
He told us that they were good doctors.
2. He hadn’t said anything at the meeting. The fact surprised us.
The fact that he hadn’t said anything at the meeting surprised us.
总结：当从句原来是陈述句时，变成名词性从句用that引导。（that无意义，不做成分）
3.Does your sister get up early? Do you know?
Do you know if/ whether your sister gets up early?
4.Do animals have the same senses as humans? I often wonder.
I often wonder if/ whether animals have the same senses as humans.
总结：当从句原来是一般疑问句时，变成名词性从句用if或whether引导。
5.When did he buy this new bike? Could you tell me?
Could you tell me when he bought this new bike?
6.My question is this: where will the lecture be given?
My question is where the lecture will be given.
总结：当从句原来是特殊疑问句时，变成名词性从句还用原来的特殊疑问词来引导。
总结：名词性从句必须用陈述句语序。另外，一般情况下，名词性从句均看作单数概念。由what引导的一般看后面的表语。宾语从句的时态一般与主句保持一致。
1.What we need is more time.
2.What we need are more English dictionaries.
Ⅲ 改错
1.That the earth turns around the sun are known to all.
2.When the meeting will be held haven’t been known yet.
3.I didn’t know that you will come.
4.He said that he is writing a story.
5.Could you tell me when will he arrive?
6.You can begin to see why does English have such strange rules.
主语从句
连词（除了 as if ,because）
if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
Whether he will come on Wednesday is not certain. 不用if
it 做形式主语(由连词 whether , 连接代词 what,who,which 和连接副词 when,where,why,how 等引导.也常常后置:
It’ possible/important/necessary/clear… that……很可能/重要的是…/必要的是…/很清楚…
It’s said/ reported… that..据说/据报道…
It’s announced/declared that..已经通知/宣布…
It seems/appears/happens.. that…显然、明显、 碰巧..
It’s no wonder that…并不奇怪/无疑…It’s a pity/a fact /a common knowledge (众所周知）
/ a common saying….（俗话说）
3.主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数What引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定
What he needs _is_ that book.
What he needs _are_ some books
When and where we meet hasn’t been decided.
When we meet and where we meet haven’t been decided.
4主语从句的 “that”不能省。
宾语从句
连词（除了as if ,because）
由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略)
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
I heard that be joined the army.
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
但是：He told me (that) he would attend the international maths Olympic competition and that he would win the gold medal.
2.Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .
Let’s see if /whether we can find out some information about that city .
表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether。
a. 主语从句
b. 表语从句
c. 同位语从句
d. 介词后的宾语从句
e.后接动词不定式 (whether to do sth.)
f .whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if
1. I asked her __________ she had a bike.
3. We’re worried about ________ he is safe.
4. I don’t know ___________ he is well or not.
5. I don’t know ________ or not he is well.
6. I don’t know _______ to go.
3.时态.与主句相呼应： 如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时 ，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过 去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）
I know he lives here .
I know he lived here ten years ago .
I have heard that he will come tomorrow
如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）
I knew who lived here.
I saw she was talking with her mother.
He asked whether his father would come back
tomorrow.
He said that he had seen it .
当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用一般现在时。
The teacher said that the sun travels around the earth .
4 it 可以作为形式宾语think，believe，find， make, consider, feel
I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.
5否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think he will come.
表语从句(可用as if ,because)不用if
The question is whether we can rely on him.
That’s because we were in need of money at that time .
He looked as if he was going to cry .
That’s why I was late .
That’s why + 结果
That’s because+原因
He is ill. That’s why he is absent.
He is absent. That’s because he is ill.
同位语从句（不用if ,because, as if）
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导
He gave me a promise that he would buy a new car for me.
I have no idea whether he will come.
That 引导的同位语从句与定从的区别
The fact that he said nothing surprised everyone present.
The fact that he sais surprised everyone present.
(1)同位语从句--同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关系，对名词进行补充说明
定语从句 --定从和前面的名词是所属关系，对名词进行修饰，加以限定
(2) 同位语从句--that 只起连接作用，不作任何成分
定语从句 -- that 是关系代词，起连接作用和充 当宾语和主语
名词性从句中连词选择“三步法”
“一分二划三看”
一、“一分”即分清从句类型
二、“二划”即划分出从句（用括号表示从句）
（1）(That the erath is round) is true.（主语从句）
v
（2）Do you know（where he lives）?（宾语从句）
v
（3）My opinion is (that you should not go alone) .（表语从句）
v
（4）I don’t like the idea (that money is everything).（同位语从句）
n
三、“三看”即看从句句意是否完整：
1、句意不完整→缺连接代词 ①人 who,whoever（主语）
whom,whomever（宾语）
②物 what,whatever（主语、宾语）
which,whichever（主语、宾语）
2、句意完整
（1）缺连接副词 ：
①时间：when；②地点：where,wherever；③原因：why；④方式：how。
（2）缺不作成份的连词 ①有含义：if 、wherther（是否）；②无含义：that