Attributive Clause
Ⅰ Definition.
在名词性从句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，从句放在所修饰词（即先行词）之后由关系副词或关系代词引导。
e.g.: The story that you read is The Rescue.你读的故事叫《营救》。
She is the girl who got the first prize.她就是那个得了第一名的女孩。
Ⅱ Relatives.
1. Relative Pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose
Referring to Function
who people subject/object
whom people object
that people/things subject/object
which things subject/object
whose people/things attribute
(1) 当先行词指人时使用who和whom,若在句中作主语用who; 如果作宾语用whom,但在口语中,常用who代替whom,也可省略。
e.g. The foreigner who/that visited our school yesterday is from Canada.(作主语)
The boy who/that broke the window is called Jack. (作主语)
The girl who/whom/that/× we met yesterday is Li Fei’s sister. (作宾语)
He is the man whom/that/who/× I visited last week. (作宾语)
(2) that先行词即可指人又可指物，在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。
e.g. He has just moved into the house that/which was built last year. (作主语)
The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. (作宾语)
Let’s ask the man that/who is reading the book over there. (作主语)
The girl (that/whom/×) we saw yesterday is Jim’s sister. (作宾语)
(3) 当先行词指物时用which，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略。
e.g. They planted the trees which don’t need much water. (作主语)
The books (which/that) we bought were not interesting. (作宾语)
(4) whose引导定语从句，先行词可是人也可是物，在从句中作定语。
e.g. Miss Smith is the teacher whose house caught fire last week. (作定语)
Harry is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. (作定语)
◆“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：
They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which)
He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)
★ 当关系代词缺少先行词时，需用the one来补充
e.g. Is the museum the one (that) you visited?
(5) 介词和关系代词引导的定语从句。
○1 关系代词whom, which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间。为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的词，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。
e.g. The athlete to whom you talked is a famous runner.(whom不能省略，不能用who代替)
→The athlete whom/that/× you talked to is a famous runner.
Mr. White is the professor to whom you should write. (whom不能省略，不能用who代替)
This is the pen with which I wrote the letter. (which不能省略，不能用that代替)
→This is the pen that/which/ I wrote the letter with.
○2 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。
e.g. Is this the watch which he is looking for?(不能说成：Is this the watch for which he is looking?)
The old man whom the nurse are looking after is very well now.
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
○3 关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面; 而当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，关系代词可用that/which(指物)； that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可省略。
e.g. The city that/which/× she lives in is very far away. = The city in which she lives is very far away.
This is the hero that/who/whom/× we are proud of.不能说：This is the hero of whom we are proud.
○4 关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。
e.g. The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person.
2. Relative Adverbs: where, when, why
Place Function Replaced by
where place adverbial of place at/in + which
when time adverbial of time at/in/on + which
why reason adverbial of reason for + which
(1) where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
e.g. This is the house where/in which we lived last year.
The factory where/in which his father works is in the west of the city.
(2) when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
e.g. I still remember the day when/on which I first came to Beijing.
We’ll never forget the happy time when/at which we worked on the farm.
(3) why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
e.g. There are several reasons why/for which we can’t do that.
He couldn’t give me a good reason why/for which he was late for school.
Ⅲ Types: Restrictive Attributive Clause& Non- Restrictive Attributive Clause
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式上 不用逗号“，”，与主句不隔开 用逗号“，”，与主句隔开
意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整 只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思
关系词使用上 A． 作宾语时可省略
B． 可用that
C． 可用who 代替whom A. 不可省略
B. 不用that
C. 不可用who 代替whom
1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。
e.g. This is the telegram which/that he refers to.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。
e.g. This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.
As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.
◆ 引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。
另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：
I told the story to John, who later told it to his brother. = I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.
Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.
= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.
3．两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较：
※
4．在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如：
The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.
◆但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that :
e.g. The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious.
I don’t like the way (that) you laugh at her.
Ⅳ 关系词的选择(当引导词在句中做主语或宾语时，要用关系代词；当引导词在句中做状语时，要用关系副词)
e.g.
★ 在非正式场合，that可代替where, when, why; 常见的情况是：此时的先行词通常是the place, the time, the reason,而且that常可省略。
This is the place (that) he works. (=where)
That was the time (that) he arrived. (=when)
This is the reason (that) he came. (=why)
Practice: Is this the factory that/which/× his father visited last year?
Is this factory the one that/which/× his father visited last year?
Is this the factory where/at which his father worked last year?
Is this factory the one to which his father paid a visit last year?
Attention:
1. 在Non-A.C.中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。
2. 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：
Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?
Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?
The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.
3. 在R-A.C.中，只能用that，不用which指物的情况
(1) 当先行词为不定代词all, much, little, only, just, every, last, one of, no, little, few, any, something, everything, anything，nothing, none, the one......及the very, the last, the next, the only或被不定代词修饰时
e.g. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? You should hand in all that you have.
All that can be done has been done. In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.
The only thing that I want to do is to have a rest. This is the very book that I’m looking for.
We heard clearly every word that he said. She is the only person that understands me.
(2)当先行词为序数词、形容词的最高级或被它们修饰时
e.g. He was the first person that passed the exam. This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets. Is that the best that you can do?
That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in. This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.
When people talk about Hang Zhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.
(3)当先行词既有人又有物时
e.g. Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
The film star and her film that you have just talked about is really well-known.
She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
(4)由which或who等特殊疑问词引导的句子
e.g. Which is the bike that you lost? Which is the car that killed the boy?
Who is the boy that won the gold medal? Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?
(5)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时
e.g .Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. He is not the person that he used to be.
c.f.: Shanghai is no longer what it used to be.
(6)如果两个从句，其中一个关系代词用which, 另一个用that以避免重复。
e.g. He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
4.用which而不用that 的场合
(1)当关系代词前有介词时 e.g. This is the house of which the windows face south.
(2)引导非限制性定语从句which 可代表先行词或者前句，“这一点，这件事”
e.g. Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. (他建立了一个生产以前从未见过的东西的工厂)
Tom came back, which made us happy.
(3)先行词为that, those时 e.g. What’s that which was put in the car?
(4)一个句子有两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that， 另一个用which
e.g. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
让我给你看这本从图书馆借的刚刚向我们开放的书。
5. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。
但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that
(1)当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。 e.g. Is there anyone who can answer this question?
He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.
(◆ 在非正式文体中可以说：You’re the one that knows where to go.)
(2)当先行词是I, you, he, they, those, people, person等词时。如：
e.g. He who wants to catch fish just not minds getting wet. Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.
(◆ 在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that…。如：He that promises too much means nothing.)
(3)当先行词是人，后面有较长的定语修饰时。如：
Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?
你知道那位穿蓝色衣服，戴厚眼镜在会上发言的作家吗？
(4)在there be结构中，先行词指人时，只用who e.g. There is a young man who wants to see you.
(5)两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，一个用that, 另一个常用who(m)来引导，如：
e.g. The man that spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster who has just come from Shanghai.
She is the only girl (that) I know who can play the guitar.
6. 注意way和time后接定语从句的情况
(1) 当先行词是way “方式、方法”时，引导的定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：
e.g. I don’t understand the way in which/that/× they worked out the problem.
c.f: The way that/which/× he explained to us was quite simple. （作宾语）他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。
The way that/in which/× he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. （作宾语）
他向我们解释句子的那种方法并不难理解。
Ex: 表示……的……时可以有三种方式：例如：封面是白色的书 (在定语从句中whose可以指人的…和物的…)
…the book whose cover is white… / … the book the cover of which is white… /… the book of which the cover is white
(2) 先行词是time时，若time表示“次数”时，应用关系代词that 引导定语从句，that可省略；若表示“一段时间”时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句。
e.g. This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.
I could hardly remember how many times (that) I have failed in exams.我不记得我考试有多少次失败了。
This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.
7. 定语从句的主谓一致
（1）关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是个句子时，从句的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
e.g. The recorder that has been given to me is home-made.
I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you.
(2) “one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，从句的动词通常用复数; 但当one前有the (only), the (very)等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。
e.g. He is one of the students who have made great progress.
Mr. Wang is the (only) one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner with us.
王先生是我的唯一一位被邀请与我们共进晚餐的朋友。
The Great Wall is one of the world-famous building that draw lots of visitors.长城是吸引大批游客的伟大建筑物之一。
The Great Wall is the (only) one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.
长城是地球上唯一一个从月球上可以看到的建筑物。
★ not the only one of …..= only one of
e.g. Tom isn’t the only one of the boys who have passed the exam. 通过考试的男孩，Tom并非唯一。
= Tom is only one of the boys who have passed the exam. Tom只是通过了考试的男孩子们中的一个（不是唯一）。
(3)当关系代词as 和which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g. Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy.
Ⅴ as引导的定语从句
关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中做主语、宾语、表语。
1. as引导限制性定语从句。
(1) such +名词 + as……“像…..一样的” “像……之类”
the same + 名词+ as…… “和…….同样的”
其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语
e.g. We have found such materials as are used in their factory. (as作主语)我们已经找到了像他们公产里用的那种材料。
Such people as you describe are thought to be fools nowadays. (as作宾语)当今像你描述的这种人被看作傻瓜。
He is not the same man as he was. (as作表语)
※ ※ 当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。That表示同一事物；as表示同一种类。
e.g. This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。
This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。
※ 在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：
I have the same opinion as / that you have.
这里要注意的是：
①使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如：
Women received the same pay as men.
Women received the same pay that men received.
○2在“the same…that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.
= This is the instrument I used yesterday.
但在“the same…as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。
○3当“the same…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。
e.g. He lives in the same building that I live. = He lives in the same building as / that I live in.
Shall we meet at the same place that we last met?= Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at?
（2）……such as……(当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as)
such为代词 “这样的人或物”,as在从句中担当成分,修饰先行词such
e.g. This book is not such as I expect. (as作宾语)这不是一本我所希望的书。
A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.一个聪明男人很少会谈这些他不懂的事物。
He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.他用这样人都能听懂的简单英语说话。
At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.
It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.
Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.让我们讨论这些能够自由谈论的事情。
另需注意：
This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）这本书用初学者都懂懂的简单英语写成。
This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand.（结果状语从句）
这本书用如此简单的英语写成以至于初学者都懂。
2. 关系代词as和which引导的定语从句。
○1相同的是两者都可代指主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。
○2as引导的非限制性定语从句,既可以在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句后。
e.g. He turned out to be very successful, which was more than we could expect.
As is known to all, Edison invented the telephone.
= Edison invented the telephone, as is known to all.= Edison, as is known to all, invented the telephone.
○3当先行次受such, the same修饰时，关系词常用as e.g. I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.
○4as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known, be said, be reported等；如果行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。
○5当主句与从句语义一致时用as，反之用which
e.g.:
e.g. As is announced in today’s papers, all the schools will reopen on September 1.
另外as多用于习惯答语中：as anybody can see(正如人人都能看到的那样)； as is well-known=as is known to all (众所周知)； as we had expected（正如我们所预料的那样）； as often happens (正如经常发生的那样)； as has been said before（如上所述）； as is mentioned above（正如上面提到的）
Ⅵ 定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
1. 与先行词关系不同。定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰选系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。
He told me the news that our team won. He told me the news that/which was very exciting.
We’re interested in the news that some foreigners will visit our school. We’re interested in the news that he told us.
2. 引导词不同。 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，在从句中担当相应的成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略； 同位语从句主要由连接词that引导，在从句中一般不担当成分，不可省略，有时也可用where, who, whether, when, how, what等连词引导，而这些连词在从句中担当成分。
The fact that he won the first prize can’t be denied. The news that he told me is true.
The news that he has just died is true. The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer.
3. 同位语从句与先行词一般可以发展成一个完整的句子，谓语动词用be
We felt relieved to learn the news that SARS was finally brought under control. →SARS was finally brought under control.
The news that LiNing alone won three gold medals at the Olympic Games soon spread all over the world. →The news was that LiNing alone won three gold medals at the Olympic Games
1. ○1. He is not the man he used to be.
○3He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
2. ○1Could you suggest a time _____it would fit you to visit us and try out the machine﹖
○2Think of a time _____you were happiest．
○3There was a time_____ all scientists were willing to share their results．
A. that B. when C. which D. where
3.○1Mr Smith has three sons，none of is a computer expert．
○2He has two sisters， are doctors．
○3She has three CDs，but none of is interesting．
○4I have many friends，and all of are nice and friendly．
○5Miss Yang has some relatives here； like her very much．
A. whom B. both of whom C. both of them D. them E. all
4. ○1I can still remember the sitting room ____ I used
to sit in in the evening.
○2 I can still remember the sitting room ____ I used to
sit in the evening.
A. where B. which C. that D. B and C
5.○1October 1, 1949 is the day ____we’ll never forget.
○2October 1, 1949 was the day _____the People’s Republic of China was founded.
A. when B. that C. where D. in which
6.①It was eleven o’clock ___they went out of the cinema.
②It was at eleven o’clock ___they went out of the cinema.
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
7. ①This is the house _____I lived in two years ago.
②This is the house I lived two years ago.
A. in which B. where C. which D. in that
8. ○1That was the reason Mac refused to speak for at the meeting.
A. why B. that C. for that D. for which
○2That was the reason Mac gave me the other day.
A. why B. for that C. which D. for which
○3That was the reason Mac refused to speak at the meeting.
A. why B. that C. which D. of which
9. ○1Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who in China.
○2Mr. Smith is the only one of those foreigners who in China.
A. works B. is workingC. are working D. has been working
10. ○1The book, the cover is broken, is not mine.
A. of it B. for C. whose D. of which
○2Who is the comrade was there?
A. whom B. that C. which D. whose
○3The man you just shook hands with is Tom.
A. whom B .which C. whose D. of which
○4Do you know the comrade we are talking?
A. to whom B. to who C. whom D. to that
○5The comrade is speaking at the meeting is a good worker. A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
11. ○1Is this factory we visited last year?
A. where B. in which C. the one D. at which
○2 This is the factory we visited last year.
A. where B. which C. the one D .at which
○3Is this the factory your father works?
A. where B. which C. of which D. in that
○4This is the best factory I have visited all my life.
A. where B. which C. when D. that
○5 Is this the factory color TV set are produced?
A. that B. which C. in which D. in that
○6 Is this the factory ______was built in 1950s?
A. where B. which C. the one D. in which
○7The factory _____ used to be a temple is a school now.
A. the one B. that C. in that D. on that
12. ○1I remember the day I first met Tom on.
A. which B. when C . in which D . on that
○2September 1, 1931 is the day we'll never forget.
A. that B. when C. on which D. on that
○3I remember the day I first came to the college.
A. when B. in which C. which D. that
13. ○1There are two thousand students in our school,
____ are girls.
A. two-thirds in which B. two-thirds in them
C. two-thirds of them D. of whom two-thirds
○2There are two thousand students in our school;
____ are girls.
A. two-thirds in which B. two-thirds in them
C. two-thirds of them D. of whom two-thirds
14. ○1I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
○2I’ll tell you ____ he told me last week.
A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all
○3He asked me ____ I needed. A. that B. which C. what D. /
15.① This is one of the most interesting films _____ shown last week.
② This is the very one of the most interesting films _____ shown last week.
A. which was B. that was C. which were D. that were
16. ① He still lives in the room __window faces to the east.
② He still lives in the room, the window __faces to the east.
③ He still lives in the room ___is in the north of the city.
④ He still lives in the room ___ there is a beautiful table.
A. which B. whose C. where D. of which
17.① _____leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
② ____who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
③ _____ who leave the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B. Who C. Those D. Whoever
18. ①I’ll never forget the days ____we studied together.
② I’ll never forget the days _____ we spent together.
A. that B. / C. when D. A and B
19.①This is the only way _____ you can find.
②I don’t like the way _____ he spoke to his mother.
A. that B. / C. in which D. A, B and C E. A and B
20. ○1______is known to everybody, the moon travels
round the earth .
○2______ is known to everybody that the moon travels
round the earth .
○3______ is known to everybody is that the moon
travels round the earth .
○4_____everybody knows, the moon travels round the earth .
○5The moon travels round the earth, ___everybody knows.
A. Which B. As C. What D. It E. A and B
21. ①Is this museum _____ they visited last month?
②The teacher tells us that _____ cleans the blackboard is to be praised.
A. that B. the one C. which D. the one who
○3Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
○4The museum ___stands by the seaside is quite famous.
A. which B. it C. where D. /
Suggested answers: CD,BAB,ABDDE,DA,BA,CB,CA/B,BCA,CB,DBAAC,CBADCBB,AAA,DC,ADC,DB,BDAC,DAC,CD,ED,BDCBE,BDAA