1.sport与game用法比较
1)sport可指各种运动或户外消遣,可以是娱乐性的,也可以是竞赛性的体育活动。sport特指某种运动项目时,一般用作可数名词;它还指运动会,常用复数形式 sports(=sports meet)。如:
①Our headmaster is fond of sport, not music.
我们校长喜欢体育,不喜欢音乐。
②Fishing and hunting are his favorite sports.
钓鱼和打猎是他特别喜爱的运动。
③The school sports meet will take place next week. 学校运动会将在下周举行。
2)比较:game(游戏、运动、比赛)。可以是户内或户外的,也可以是脑力或体力的,通常有一定规则,凡参加者都必须遵守。指球赛时,美国英语用game,英国英语用match。指大型的国际体育运动会、比赛,用game.
如:
①Football is a game which makes me excited.
足球是一项让我激动的运动。
②Let's play a game of chess! 咱们下盘棋吧。
③The Olympic Games are held every four years. 每四年举行一次奥运会。
2.excite一词的用法
1)excite作及物动词,意为“使激动”,“使兴奋”,在主动结构中以事物作主语;在被动结构中以人作主语。如:
①The result of the experiment excited me. 实验的结果令我激动。
②Everybody was excited by the news of the victory.
人人为此胜利的消息而兴奋。
2)exciting与excited都可作形容词用,在句中作定语或表语,但两者用法不同。exciting意思是“令人激动的”,常用来修饰事物;excited 意思是“对……感到激动的”,常用来修饰人或人的表情、声音等。如:
①Why were they so excited?
他们为什么如此激动?
②The excited children were opening their Christmas gifts.
激动的孩子们打开圣诞礼物。
③The trip was very pleasant and exciting.
这次旅行使人感到又愉快又激动。 ④We just watched an exciting football match.
我们刚看了一场激动人心的足球赛。
⑤He gave an excited shout. 他发出了激动的叫喊。
注:在上例中,修饰shout的形容词不是exciting而是excited,表示“喊声”是由于人的激动而发出的。
3)excitement是名词,作“兴奋、激动”解时,是不可数名词;作“使人兴奋的事物”时,是可数名词。
3.join, join in, take part in 和 attend 的用法比较
这几个词或短语都有“参加”的意思,但用法不同。
1)join有两个用法:
(1)指加入某个党派,团体组织等,成为其成员之一,意为:“参军、入团、入党”等。如:
①When did your brother join the army? 你哥哥什么时候参军的?
②She joined the Young Pioneers. 她加入了少先队。
(2)和某人一道做某事,其结构为:join sb. in (doing) sth.,根据上下文,in (doing) sth. 也可以省去。如:
①Will you join us in the discussion? 你参加我们的讨论吗?
②He'll join us in singing the song. 他将和我们一道唱歌。
③We're going to the East Lake Park on Sunday. Will you join us?
我们打算星期天去东湖公园。你跟我们一道去好吗?
2)join in多指参加小规模的活动如“球赛、游戏”等,常用于日常口语。
如:
①Come along, and join in the ball game. 快,来参加球赛。
②Why didn't you join in the talk last night? 昨晚你为什么没参加座谈?
3)take part in 指参加会议或群众性活动等,着重说明句子主语参加该项活动并在活动中发挥作用。如:
①We'll take part in social practice during the summer vacation.
暑假期间我们将参加社会实践。
②We often take part in physical labour. 我们经常参加体力劳动。
【注意】take part in是惯用词组,part前一般不用冠词,但part前有形容词修饰时,要用不定冠词。如:
①Lincoln took an active part in polities and was strongly against slavery.
林肯积极参加政治活动,强烈反对奴隶制。
4)attend是正式用语,及物动词,指参加会议,婚礼,葬礼,典礼;去上课,上学,听报告等。句子的主语只是去听,去看,自己不一定起积极作用。
如:
①He'll attend an important meeting tomorrow.
他明天要参加一个重要的会议。
②I attended his lecture. 我听了他的讲课。
4.farther与further的区别
1)表示“较远”、“更远”时,两者可以通用。如: ①We can't go any farther (further) with a rest. 我们不休息无法向前走了。
②They went farther (further) into the forest。他们走向森林深处。
2)further还表示“更多的”,“另外的”;“进一步”,“深一层”;“而且,此外”等含义,而farther没有此义。如:
①We must get further information. 我们必须获得更多的信息。
②We need go further into the matter. 我们必须进一步调查此事。
③The Museum will be closed until further notice.
该博物馆将关闭,开放时将另行通知。
5.win与beat的用法区别
win与beat的区别:win后接战争、比赛、奖品等名词作宾语,不能接竞争对手作宾语;而beat后常接竞争对手,意为“打败”、“击败”。试比较:
win a race/a battle/ a prize/a medal/success/friendship
赢得赛跑/战役/奖品/奖章/成功/友谊。
beat the competitor/the team/the country打败对手/队/国家
6.time作“时代”解时的用法
time作“时代”解时,常用复数形式(times)。如:
①In ancient times, man lived on wild plants and wild beasts.
在古代,人类靠野果和野兽为生。
②Times have changed, and we shouldn't fall behind.
时代变了,我们不应落后于时代。
③She didn't understand the spirit of the times. 她不理解那个时代的精神。
【注意】 time作“时代”解时,也可用单数形式,如:
①He lived in Queen Victoria's time. 他生活在维多利亚女王时代。
7.happen 的两种含义
happen可作“发生”解,常指意外地、偶然地发生某一件事。它的另一含义是“碰巧”。如:
①What time did the accident happen? 事故是什么时间发生的?
②If anything happens to him, let me know. 如果他发生什么事,请通知我。
③I happened to meet him in the street yesterday. 我昨天碰巧在街上遇见他。
④It so happened that I had no money with me. 碰巧我身上没带钱。
8.every和表示数量的词连用。
1)every可与表示数量的词连用,表示时间或空间的间隔。如:
①Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games. 每四年,来自世界各地的运动员参加奥林匹克运动会。
②I usually go to my uncle's every three days (=every third day).
我通常每三天(每隔两天)去我叔叔家一次。
③There's a bus stop every two miles. 每两英里有个车站。
④They looked up and gave a smile to each other every few minutes.
每隔几分钟他们抬起头相互笑笑。
【注意】every后可接 few,但不能接 a few,因 every一词已包含了a之意,如句④,另外every后也不能接some,several,many等词。every后接序数词时,则修饰单数可数名词,如句②
2)every 可与other + 单数可数名词连用,表示“每隔一……”。如:
①Please write on every other line (third line).
请隔行写。(请隔两行写一行。)
②They planted a tree every other metre along the road.
他们在马路边每隔一米栽一棵树。
③The doctor comes to see my mother every other day.
医生每隔一天来看我妈妈一次。
重要词组短语
1.prefer…to…的含义
1)prefer A to B 意思上接近于like A better than B,表示“喜欢……要胜过喜欢……”。在这一结构中,to为介词,prefer和to后面可接名词或动词-
ing形式。
①I prefer science to languages. 我喜欢理科而不太喜欢文科。
②He prefers beer to coffee. 啤酒与咖啡相比,他更喜欢啤酒。
③He said he preferred the country life to the city life.
他说城市和农村相比,他更喜欢农村。 ④Even on holidays, he preferred doing something to doing nothing. 即使在假日里,他也宁愿干点什么事,而不愿闲待着。
2)prefer 不接介词 to短语而单独使用时,相当于 like…very much。这时 prefer后面可接名同,代词,不定式,动词-ing形式等。例如:
①Southerners prefer rice while northerners prefer food made from flour. 南方人比较爱吃米饭,北方人比较爱吃面食。
②Which would you prefer, tea or coffee?
茶和咖啡,你较喜欢哪一种?
③She preferred to work and live with the common people.
她喜欢工作生活在普通人中间。
④So you prefer staying with your children on holidays?
这么说,你在假日中宁愿与孩子们在一起了?
【注意】prefer在构成其-ed及-ing形式时,要双写词尾字母 r,即:preferred,preferring
3)prefer还可与 rather than连用,这时 prefer和 rather than后面一般接不定式,而不接动词-ing形式,rather than后面的不定式符号 to可有可无。
如:
①She preferred to go with us rather than stay behind.
她宁愿和我们一道去,而不愿留下。
②He preferred to write to her rather than telephone her.
他宁愿写信给她,而不愿打电话给她。
2.由read构成的短语
1)read out sth. =read sth. loud for others to hear,意为“读出”、“宣布”。
①Your teacher will read out eight sentences. Which picture is she talking about?
你的老师将读出8个句子,她分别读的是有关哪幅画的呢?
②Here's a letter from Tom. Shall I read it out?
这儿有一封汤姆的来信,我要不要读出来。
③The headmaster read out the names of the winners and the contest results of each class. 校长公布了获胜者姓名以及各班竞赛结果。
2)read sth. to sb./ read sb. sth. =read loud for sb. to hear.
表示“读给某人听”。
①Here's a report about our school. Let me read it to you.
这儿有一篇有关我们学校的报道,我来读给你听。
②The teacher read a poem to the class. 老师给全班同学读了首诗。
③She read the children a story. 她给孩子们读了篇故事。
④Children like to be read to. 孩子们喜欢读给他们听。
【注意】read to sb. 是“读给某人听”的意思,read for sb. 是“替某人读”的意思。
3)read sth. to oneself = read sth. in silence. 意思是“默读”
①Read it to yourself. I'm not interested in it.
不要读出声来,我对此不感兴趣。
4)read between the lines = to find a meaning that is not expressed. 表示“体会字里行间的言外之意”。
①If you read between the lines, this letter is really a request for money.
你如果体会一下言外之意,这封信实际上是要钱。
5)read可用作不及物动词,指文字的流畅或通顺情况。
①The sentence doesn't read well. 这个句子不通顺。
②Her letters always read well. 她的信读起来很好。
③The full text reads as follows, …全文如下:…
6)read 可用来表示“理解”、“解释”,如:
①Don't read my silence as consent. 别把我的沉默当作同意。
②How do you read this passage? 这一段话你怎么解释?
3.after that和since then的用法区别
after that表示在过去某一件事以后,但情况或动作并不延续到说话
时,所以句中的谓语动词仍要用一般过去时。since then表示从过去某一
点时间延续至说话时,强调到目前为止一直进行的动作或保持的状态。
因此句中谓语动词一般用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。试比较:
①After that he never passed any exam.
从那以后他任何一门考试都从未及格过。
②After that they took more attention to what I said and did.
从那以后他们对我的一言一行更加关注了。
③I have been studying hard since then.
从那以来我一直努力学习。
④He has written more than 20 books since then.
从那时候以来他写了二十多本书。
⑤It's over three years since then. 从那以来已有三年多了。
(句中常用 It's代替 It has been. )
【注意】that指过去某一件事,then指过去某一点时间。
4.介词for短语代表一个不定式
介词for短语常被用来代表一个动作。表示目的、用途、方向等。表示目的时,后面一般接名词,在作用上相当于一相表示目的的动词不定式。例如:
①In 1992 over 8000 competitors from more than 150 countries went to Barcelona for the 25th Summer Olympics. 1992年,来自150多个国家的八千多运动员去巴塞罗那参加第25届夏季奥林匹克运动会。(= to take part in)
②The place to which she took us was just right for a picnic.
她带我们去在那个地方正适合野餐。
③We are travelling back to England soon for a holiday.
我们不久要回英格兰度假了。(for = to have)
④I'll go back to my room for my pen.
我要回宿舍去拿钢笔。(for = to get)
⑤He had to go out for food.
他不得不出去寻找食物。(for = to find)
⑥Let's go in for some tea.
我们进去喝些茶吧。(for = to have)
⑦Shall we go for a walk?
我们出去散散步好吗?(for = and take)
5.hand 构成的动词短语
学习下面例句,注意hand构成的动词短语的含义:
①Please hand in your papers at the end of the exam.
请在考试结束时将试卷交上来。
②Hand out the pencils to everyone in the class.
把这些铅笔分发给班上的每位同学。
③The thief was handed over to the police. 小偷被提交给了警方。
④Please hand on the magazine to your friends. 请把这本杂志传给你的朋友们。
⑤Then he handed the cup around the class of students.
他把杯子递给学生,在全班传了一圈。
⑥This ring has been handed down in my family for generations.
这枚戒指在我的家族中传了好几代了。
常用句型结构
1.Many of the sports were the same as they are now.
1)the same as…中,same是代词,the same + 名词 + as…中,same是形容词。
在上述句型中,as是关系代词,引导定语从句,as在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语。如:
①The house is just the same as it used to be. 这座房子还跟过去一样。(as在定语从句中作表语)
②We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. (as在从句中作动词宾语)我们正面临着几年前同样的问题。
③We drove out of the town by the same road as we had entered by. (as在从句中作介词宾语)
我们驱车出城时,与进城时是同一条路。
【注意】在这种句型中,为避免重复,as从句中常省略和前面相同的部分。
2)the same…that…表示……和……一样,指同一人或物。如:
①She lives in the same room that her mother lived.
她住在她母亲住过的同一间屋里。
2.After that more and more countries joined in the games.
形容词/副词“双重比较”的结构,表示持续不断的变化,意思是“越来越……”:
1)adj. /adv. + -er and adj. /adv. + -er(单音节及部分双音节的形容词/副词双重比较)例如:
①She is getting thinner and thinner. 她变得越来越瘦了。
②He runs faster and faster. 他跑得越来越快了。
2)more and more + adj. /adv. (多音节及部分双音节的形容词/副词双重比较)例如:
①Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.
我们的家乡变得越来越美丽了。
②We are going more and more slowly. 我们越走越慢了