Reference for Teaching
Ⅰ.异域风情
Cars and the United States
Cars are an important part of life in the United States.Without a car most people feel that they are poor.And even if a person is poor,he doesn’t feel really poor when he has a car.
Henry Ford was the man who first started making cars in large numbers.He probably didn’t know how much the car was going to affect American culture.The car made the United States a nation on wheels.And it helped make the United States what it is today.
There are three main reasons that the car became so popular in the United States.First of all,the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it.The car provides the most comfortable and cheapest form of transportation.With a car people can go anyplace without spending a lot of money.
The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation.Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world.Nowadays there is a good system of air-service provided by planes.But it is too expensive to be used frequently.
The third reason is the most important one.The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular.Americans don’t like to wait for a bus,or a train or even a plane.They don’t like to have to follow an exact schedule.A car gives them the freedom to schedule their own time.And this is the freedom that Americans want most to have.
The gas shortage has caused a big problem for Americans.But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation.The real solution will have to be a new kind of car,one that does not use so much gas.
Ⅱ.知识归纳
1.英文中表达“意愿和希望”情况归纳
在英语中，人们在日常交往活动时，都要表达意愿和希望，可用下列的常用结构：
(1)I’m going to…（表示“我计划、打算……”，事先有考虑）
Are you going to…？（询问“你的打算是什么”）如：
I’m going to see a film.
我打算去看电影。
Are you going to leave for Beijing?
你打算动身去北京吗？
（2）I will…(我将要……)
What will you…？（表示“你的意愿是做什么”）如：
I will write a letter to a friend in Beijing.
我要给我北京的朋友写封信。
What will you do at the weekend?
周末你要做什么？
（3）I intend/mean/plan to…(表示“我打算/计划……”)
Do you intend/mean/plan to…？（询问“你打算/想要……”）如：
I plan to travel in Europe this summer.
今年夏天我计划到欧洲旅游。
I mean to wait for the next bus.
我打算等下一辆公共汽车。
Do you intend to take the driving license test this year?
你打算参加今年的驾驶执照考试吗？
Do you mean to put off the appointment?
你想要推迟这次约会吗？
（4）I’d like to…/I feel like…/I’m ready to…(强调“我想要/乐意……”)如：
I’d like to stay at home doing my homework.
我想呆在家里做作业。
I feel like going out for a walk.
我想出去散散步。
I’m ready to visit my uncle.
我准备去看望我叔叔。
（5）I want to…(表示意愿和欲望，语气较强烈)
I hope to…(表示希望做某事，语气较委婉)
I wish to…(表示不能达到的愿望，也指愿意做某事)
Do you hope to…?(询问“你希望……”)
What do you wish to…?(询问“你希望……”)如：
I want to go to college.
我想上大学。
I hope to be a teacher.
我希望当一个教师。
I wish to see you.
我想见你。
Do you hope to stay and work in Shanghai after graduation?
你毕业后希望留在上海工作吗？
What do you wish to do after you come back from Canada?
你从加拿大归国后希望干点什么？
（6）I would rather not…（我宁愿不……）表示当别人邀请你做某事而你又不太愿意时，语气较委婉；I don’t feel like…(我不想……)表示当别人邀请你做某事而你又不太愿意时，语气较委婉。如：
I would rather not tell you.
我宁愿不告诉你。
I don’t feel like going swimming today.
我今天不想去游泳。
（7）I hope that…（表示希望实现的可能性大）I wish that…(表示希望实现的可能性很小)如：
I hope that you will visit China next year.
我希望你明年访问中国。
I wish that I knew the latest news.
但愿我知道最新消息。
（8）类似的表示意愿和希望的常用句型还有
I’ve dreamed of…(我渴望……)
I’ve been looking forward to…(我一直盼望……)
I’m thinking of…(我正在考虑……)
I’ve decided to…(我已决定……)
I will be glad to…(我乐意……)
I’m considering…(我在考虑……)
Have you decided to…?(你已决定……？)
I would rather…(我宁愿……)
I think I will…(我想我会……)
I haven’t made up my mind whether to…(我还没决定是否……)
2.电子邮件中的缩略语
(1)AFAIK as far as I know 据我所知
(2)ASAP as soon as possible 尽早地
(3)BTW by the way 顺便问一下
(4)BRB be right back 马上回来
(5)DIY do it yourself 自己动手做
(6)DL download 下载
(7)FAQ frequently asked questions 常见问题
(8)FTF face to face 面对面
(9)IC I see 我明白
(10)ICQ I see you 网上寻呼机（我找你）
(11)L&R later 后来
(12)IOW in other words 换句话说
(13)MOF male or female 男士或女士
(14)OTOH on the other hand 另一方面
(15)POV point of view 观点
(16)RUOK? Are you OK? 你好吗？
(17)THX thanks 多谢
(18)TTBOMK to the best of my knowledge 据我所知
(19)TTUL talk to you later 回头再谈
(20)UL upload 上传
3.动词“get+及物动词的过去分词”常见形式归纳
这种形式中，get已失去原有词汇的意义，而接近于助动词be的功能。但同“be+及物动词的过去分词”相比，它更强调动作的结果，体现动作性，含有被动之意。常用的有：
get burnt 被烧/烫伤
get broken 破碎了
get hurt 受伤了
get lost 迷路
get damaged 遭到破坏
get paid 拿工资
get drunk 喝醉
get married 结婚
get killed 被杀死
get drowned 被淹死
get painted 油漆，粉刷
get caught in the rain 被雨淋湿
get caught on a nail 被钉子挂住
Ⅲ.词语辨析
1.possible,probable,likely adj. 可能的
(1)possible强调客观上潜在的可能性，但也常常暗示“实际上希望很小”。
e.g.He is a possible choice.
他是一个可以考虑的人选。（根据客观情况，而非说话者臆断）
possible (反义词 impossible)作表语时，前面通常不能用表示人的名词或代词作主语，常用句式为：
It is possible for sb. to do sth.
It is possible that-clause.
e.g.He is possible to finish the work.(×)
It is possible for him to finish the work.(√)
(2)probable主要用来指有根据、合情理、值得相信的事物，带有“大概，很可能……”的意味，语气较possible强。
e.g.It was probable that Tom told his father all about the matter.
汤姆可能把这事的全部经过告诉了他父亲。（有几分根据的推测）
probable(反义词improbable)作表语时，通常也不能用表示人的名词或代词作主语，常用句式为：
It is probable that-clause.
sth. be probable.
不能用It is probable for sb. to do sth.的结构。
e.g.It is probable that the winner will get a prize.(√)
It is probable for the winner to get a prize.(×)
Colder weather is probable.
(3)likely表示有充分根据的推测，侧重从表面看，某事很可能发生，与probable意思较近。有时两者可以通用，含义区别不大。如：
It is likely/probable that we shall meet with some opposition.
我们多半会遇到一些阻力的。
但likely暗示从表面迹象判断，某事可能发生或可能是真的，而probable则意味着经过权衡正反两方面的理由后，相信某事是真实的，或大概会发生。
e.g.This looks a likely field for mushrooms.
这里看起来适合长蘑菇。
The probable winner is Tom,not Jack.
有希望取胜的是汤姆，而不是杰克。（意即一方实力显然优于另一方）
当likely表示“有可能成功”的意思时，不能用probable代替。
e.g.What is the most likely time to find him at home?
什么时候最有可能在家找到他？
likely(反义词为unlikely)前面可以用表示人的名词或代词作主语，也可以用表示物的名词或代词作主语。但非人称代词it作形式主语时，不能用于“it is likely for sb. to do sth.”句式，此时它与probable一样，后面接that从句。
It be likely that-clause.
e.g.不能说It is likely for him to come.
应说He is likely to come.
or:It is likely that he will come.
2.luggage,baggage
两词都可表示“行李”，都是不可数名词。
luggage是英国英语，baggage是美国英语，表示随身携带的各种行李的总称。询问有多少行李时用how much。
e.g.How much baggage/luggage do you have?
指多少件行李用a piece of 或an article of。
e.g.He had three pieces/articles of luggage(baggage).
他带了三件行李。
3.catch,grasp,seize,snatch
（1）catch的普通用法有“设法抓住、捉住”的意思。
e.g.I caught him by the ear.
我揪住了他的耳朵。
The police caught the thief as he ran.
小偷逃跑时被警察抓住了。
(2)grasp表示“牢牢地抓住”。
e.g.Tom grasped his gun and rushed out.
汤姆抓起枪就冲了出去。
She grasped the rope tightly with her hands.
她双手紧紧地抓住绳子。
(3)seize指“突然用力抓住使之不便逃脱”。
e.g.The policeman seized the thief by the sleeve.
警察抓住了小偷的袖子。
He seized the gun from the enemy soldier.
他从敌兵手中夺过了枪。
(4)snatch表示迅速的拉扯动作，出其不意地“抓取”。
e.g.The thief snatched her handbag and ran off.
小偷抢走了她的小提包就跑了。
He snatched the letter from me.
他从我手中抢走了信。
Ⅳ.能力训练
1.单句改错
(1)He’s in the wool businesses.
答案：将businesses改为business。business表示“生意，商业，行业”等时，为不可数名词。
(2)She’s treated now;she should be back to normal health in a few weeks.
答案：将treated改为cured。cure和treat都含“医治”之意，但cure有“治疗，痊愈”之意，侧重于结果，而treat含“治疗，处理”之意，侧重于动作。
(3)Their whole life was a constant battle for poverty.
答案：把for改为against。for后面所接宾语应该是斗争的目的，against后所接宾语应该是斗争的对象。
(4)Do you think that impossible for us to go there by water?
答案：把that改为it。代替不定式或从句在句中作形式宾语时，应该用it而不能用that。
(5)Half us are on the night shift.
答案：在Half后加of。在人称代词前，要用half of这个结构。
2.翻译填空
(1)老师的言行对学生有很大的影响。
Teachers’ words and deeds ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ their students.
答案：have a great effect on
(2)我的朋友并不个个都吸烟。
______ ______ my friends smoke.
答案：Not all
(3)这个印刷错误造成很大的混淆。
This misprint ______ ______ great confusion.
答案：let to
(4)很可能他会成功。
It ______ ______ ______ that he will succeed.
答案：is highly likely
(5)这有如梦想变成了现实。
It’s like a dream ______ ______.
答案：come true
Ⅳ.高考真题
1.(2003全国)Don’t be afraid of asking for help ______ it is needed.
A.unless
B.since
C.although
D.when
简析：选D。此处的具体语境是向对方提出要求，后一句应该是表达出“凡是需要时”之意，故D项为最佳答案。
2.(2003上海)One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ______ in the numbers of natural disasters.
A.result
B.account
C.reason
D.increase
简析：选D。result “结果”；account “理由”；reason “理由，原因”；increase “增长”。根据句意可知，D项为最佳答案。
3.(2004全国)Sarah,hurry up.I’m afraid you won’t have time to ______ before the party.
A.get changed
B.get change
C.get changing
D.get to change
简析：选A。get后接过去分词表示状态的改变。
4.(2004全国)-The window is dirty.
-I know.It ______ for weeks.
A.hasn’t cleaned
B.didn’t clean
C.wasn’t cleaned
D.hasn’t been cleaned
简析：选D。根据时间状语for weeks可确定用现在完成时，表示“已经有好几周没擦窗户了”。
5.(2004全国)-What’s that terrible noise?
-The neighbors ______ for a party.
A.have prepared
B.are preparing
C.prepare
D.will prepare
简析：选B。用现在进行时表示“正在准备”，其他三项均不符合语境。