I．目的和要求
1. 学习和掌握以下单词和习惯用语
1) 单词
coal; attend; issue; summarise; content; introduction; representative; killer; access; violence; premier; stress; equality; fairness; responsibility; willingness; harmony; suffering; unfair; wipe; worldwide; alternative; defend; incorrect; affect; advise
2) 习惯用语
take notes; the United Nations; the World Health Organization; take action; air conditioner; in harmony with; wipe out; advise sb (not) to do sth.
2. 功能意念项目
学会用英语谈论自然和生态环境。
3. 语法
1）复习学过的虚拟语气；
2）倒装。
4. 语言运用
运用所学语言,围绕自然和生态环境这一题材,完成教科书和练习册中规定的听、说、写的任务;阅读课文 “Welcome to the Earth Summit”, 确切理解并完成有关课文内容和练习; 练习写一篇明确阐述个人观点和建议的评价性短文。
II．方法：
1. 单词和习惯用语的用法
1）attend vt. 出席；上（大学等）； 照料
例： Only 12 people attended the meeting. 只有12个人参加了会议。
Please let us know if you are unable to attend. 如果你不能参加请告知我们。
I am the first child in my family to attend college. 我是家中第一个上大学的孩子。
On his deathbed the General was attended by several doctors. 将军临终前有几个医生在照顾。
2）summarize vt. & vi. 概括；总结
例： The authors summarize their views in the introduction. 作者们在导言中概括了他们的观点。
Your final paragraph should summarize the main points of your essay. 你论文的最后一段应该总结一下你的观点。
summary n. 摘要；概要
3）content n. （书、报纸等的）内容，目次，目录;
例： "It is advisable to look at the contents page of a book, before buying it." 买书前最好是先看一看目录。
含量;
the content of silver in a ton of ore 一吨矿砂中银的含量
(pl) 内容；所容之物;
The contents of the box fell onto the floor. 这个盒子里的东西掉到地上了。
adj. 满足的；满意的；甘愿的
She is content with very little. 她易于满足。
（常与to连用）满足于…的
The old couple seem content to sit in front of the television all night. 老夫妇俩似乎整夜坐在电视机前就心满意足了。
vt. 使（人或自己）满足；使满意；使安心
Nothing contents her, she is always complaining. 没有什么能使她满意，她总是抱怨。
We should never content ourselves with a little book knowledge only. 我们切不可满足于仅仅有一点点书本知识。
be content to do sth. 乐于做某事
be content with 沉迷［满足］于
to one's heart's content 心满意足， 尽情地
content oneself with 满足于， 对...感到满足
4）introduction n. 序言；介绍；引进；采用
例：The introduction of new advanced techniques in the factory is under discussion today. 在工厂采用新的先进技术的问题是今天的议题。
foreign words of recent introduction 新传入的外国字
a letter of introduction 介绍信
Introduction to Radio 《无线电入门》
5）representative n. 代表；典型；议员
例：The representatives were all amazed by what had happened in the factory. 代表们听了这个工厂里发生的事都感到惊愕。
adj. 有代表性的；典型的
a representative collection of ancient Greek art 古希腊艺术代表作品集
6）access n. 接近；进入；接近的方法；到达的权利
例：There is no access to the street through that door. 穿过那个门没有通向大街的路。
The only access to that ancient castle is along a muddy track. 到那座古老城堡去的唯一通道是一条泥泞小路。
Students need access to books. 学生需要使用书本。
Access to the papers is restricted to senior management. 文件的使用权只限于高级管理者。
a man of easy access 易于接近的人, 平易近人的人
The only access to the town is across the bridge. 到镇上唯一的通路是经过一座桥。
Citizens may have free access to the library. 市民可以自由使用图书馆。
7）stress vt. 着重；强调
例：The report stressed that student math skills need to improve. 报告强调学生的数学技能需要提高。
Crawford stressed the need for more housing downtown. 科劳福德着重指出了城区住房的更大需求。
She stressed the importance of a balanced diet. 她强调了平衡饮食的重要性。
n. 压力, 紧迫, 困难; 【语】重音, 重读;
under the stress of poverty 在贫困的压力下
time of stress 危难之际, 非常时期
Stress and rhythm are important in speaking English. 讲英语时重音及节奏都很重要。
We must lay stress on self reliance. 我们必须强调自力更生。
Give stress to the 2nd syllable. 重读第二音节。
Worry over his job and his wife's health put him under a great stress. 忧虑自己的工作及妻子的健康问题使他陷于过分的紧张中。
8）take action 采取行动；take notes 记笔记；take effect见效, 生效；开始发生作用；
take exercise做体操, 做健身活动；take farewell 告别, 辞行；take ground占领阵地
(飞机)着陆；take notice 注意；take office 就职；take steps 采取措施
9）put an end to 结束； put an end to 结束；bring sth. to an end 结束；
come to an end 结束；make (both) ends meet收支相抵；
10）affect vt. 影响；感动；（疾病）侵袭
例：Smoking affects health. 吸烟影响健康。
He was deeply affected by my words. 他听了我的话很受感动。
be affected by heat [cold] 中暑[着凉]
词义辨析：affect effect influence
作为动词, 都含“影响”的意思。
affect 指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”,着重“影响”的动作, 有时含有“对...产生不利影响”的意思, 如:
This article will affect my thinking. 这篇文章将会影响我的思想。
effect 指“实现”、“达成”,着重“造成”一种特殊的效果, 如:
This book effected a change in my opinion. 这本书使我的看法起了变化。
influence 指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的,潜移默化的影响”, 如:
Influenced by a high-school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine. 在一位中学生物教师的影响下, 他从事医学研究。
2. 语言要点
1）According to the World Health Organization, the big three cause more than seven million deaths every year. 据世界卫生组织统计，三大杀手每年致死七百万人。
death: [countable] a particular case when someone dies 死亡人数；死亡案例
We should take action to reduce the number of traffic deaths. 我们应该采取措施减少交通事故死亡人数。
2）Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths. 只是空气污染就导致近三百万人死亡。
此句相当于 Only air pollution causes almost three million deaths. alone相当于only, 但alone置于被修饰的名词或代词的后面。再如：
Julie alone knew the truth. 只有朱莉知道真相。
3）If we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create. 如果我们打算成功地发展世界，我们必须确保每一个人都能够加入到我们建设的这个新世界中来。
（1）be ＋不定式：这种结构表示计划，安排或用来征求意见。
The highway is to be opened in May.
Am I to take over his work？
（2）be going to ＋动词原形：这种结构表示“决定，打算要做什么事，或有迹象表明即将发生，可能会出现什么情况”。
I am going to buy a new coat this winter.
There is going to be a storm.
（3）be about ＋不定式：这种结构表示即将发生的动作，句中不可以用表示未来时间
的状语。
The talk is about to begin.(正)
The talk is about to begin soon.(误)
4）Among the speakers was China’s then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equality and fairness in the world. 在会上发言的人中就有强调世界上需要平等和公正的中国当时的总理朱鎔基。
then adj. being so at that time, 当时的
又如：the then chairman of the board. 当时的委员会主席
5）Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can to help others. 相对富裕的国家有尽力帮助贫穷国家的责任。
这个句子是一个省略句，即：Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can do to help others. 动词不定式 to help others 是目的状语。
6）Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, I would never have bought one. 如果知道空调能造成这么大的污染，我怎么也不会买的。
这是一个含有虚拟语气的句子。虚拟条件句中省略了If, 构成了倒装句。
7）Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation. 直到我们了解了更多，我们才能够改善这种状况。
这是一个倒装句，因为否定词not 位于句首。其正常语序应该是：We will not be able to improve the situation until we know more.
8）A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act. 对环境的更好更深入的理解是必要的，是我们行动的内驱力。
这个句子是一个由as 引导的非限定性定语从句。
3. 语法说明：
1）虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)
概念：虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观意愿或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
在条件句中的应用：
条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
（一）真实条件句
真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生。
时态关系
句型： 条件从句 主句
一般现在时 shall/will+动词原形
If he comes, he will bring his violin.
典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it_______.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意：
（1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
(对)If you leave now, you will never regret it.
（2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall(will)+动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
（二）非真实条件句
（1）时态：可表示过去、现在和将来的情况。其基本特点时态退后。
a. 同现在事实相反的假设。
句型： 条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should(would)+动词原形
If they were here, they would help you.
b. 表示与过去事实相反的假设。
句型： 条件从句 主句
过去完成式 should(would)have+过去分词
If he had come yesterday, I should have told him about it.
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
c. 表示对将来的假想
句型： 条件从句 主句
一般过去时
were+不定式 should(would)+动词原形
should+动词原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right
（2）混合条件句
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主、从句谓语动词虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。)
If it had rained last night(过去)，it would be very cold today(现在).
（3）虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should 或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：
在虚拟语气的从句中，动词 ‘be’的过去时态一律用 “were”。
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right.
典型例题
_______ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前，变成were, should, had+主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说Were I not to do. ,而不能Weren’t I to go.
（4）特殊的虚拟语气词：should
① suggest/order/command/propose/demand/insist/require/ request… + that … (should) do
② the suggestion that … (should) do
③ This suggestion is that …(should) do
④ It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/insisted … + that … (should) do
⑤ It is necessary/important/natural/strange… + that … (should) do
⑥ It is a pity/ a shame, no wonder… + that … (should) do
在宾语从句中的应用
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。
order, suggest, insist … + (should) do
---I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week.
---He insisted that he(should)be sent there.
注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建议”或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用作 “暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
---The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
---Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
---I insisted that you were wrong.
在表语从句、同位语从句中的应用
在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。
My idea is that we (should)get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
（5）wish的用法
用于wish 后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
wish + (that) … did/were …(现在时：从句与主句动作同时发生)
wish + (that) … had done …(过去时：从句动作先于主句动作)
wish + (that) … would/could do (将来时：从句动作于主句动作之后)
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn’t said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
（6）if only
if only 表示“如果就好了”。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。
if only也可用于陈述语气。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来了。
only if 表示“只有”:
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
（7）It is (high) time that …
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
（8）虚拟语气在其他状语从句中的用法
在as if引导的状语从句中，用过去式表示与现在事实不符，用过去完成式表示与过去事实不符；在so that，in order that引导的状语从句中，常用should/would/could/might+动词原形来表示虚拟语气。如：
They talked as if they had been friends for years．
She stayed at home for a few days so that she could take care of her mother．
（9）would rather sb did/had done …
(would rather do)
---I’d rather stay at home than go out.
---He’d rather you came on Friday.
2）倒装
在英语中最基本的语序是“主语 + 谓语 + 其他”，即：Who + do + what + how + where + when， 而且这个语序还十分固定。如果把主语后面的某一部分提到它前面，就是倒装（Inversion）。没有按照正常顺序排列句子成分，叫广义倒装。如果把谓语动词全部或部分放在主语的前面，叫狭义倒装。我们这里讨论的就是后者。如果谓语动词全部放到主语前面（主要适用于一般现在时和一般过去时，其他时态不能使用）叫完全倒装。如果助动词或是情态动词放在主语前面，行为动词放在主语后面，叫部分倒装。
e.g. In came the headmaster, followed by a group of teachers. (完全倒装)
校长走了进来，后面跟着一群老师。
There goes the bell. (完全倒装)
Never shall I do that again. (部分倒装)
注：副词、介词短语和直接引语在句首使用全部倒装。
（一）倒装的意义
1. 适应一定语法结构的需要，主要是指表达疑问句结构的需要。
e.g. How can I get to the railway station?
2. 为了强调某一部分，而把这部分放在了句首，引起倒装。
e.g. Only in this way can we learn English well.
So early did he come to school that no other children came.
3. 为了保持句子平衡。
e.g. Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.
“ Me, too,” said the boy anxiously.
（二）英语倒装的几种情况
（1）在疑问句中
e.g. How are you getting along with your work?
Is this report written in detail?
注：如疑问句作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不发生倒装。
（2）在There be 及其类似结构中。There be +主语+地点。其中动词be也可以是其他词，如lie, stand等。
e.g. There are many different kinds of mooncakes on the table.
There in Greece lived a famous thinker, named Aristotle.
There seems to be still some elements undiscovered yet.
There stands a bridge across the river.
（3）在表示祝愿的句子中
e.g. Long live the People’s Republic of China!
May you succeed!
（4）在省略if的虚拟语气条件状语从句中
这类句子中有were, had, should 等词时，把were, had 或should置于句首。
e.g. Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.
Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.
Should he be here next week, he would help us with the problem.
（5）在so, nor, neither 或no more 开头句子中
① 用于so 开头的句子，表示重复前面相同内容，意为“也怎么样”。另外，在结果状语从句句型so…that…中，如果so… 放在句首，主句需要部分倒装。
e.g. I often go out for a walk after supper. So does she.
So excited was she at the news that she couldn’t say a word.
So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.
So mush does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night
注：在该结构中，“so + 形容词”是表语前置；“so + 副词”是状语前置。.
② 用于nor, neither开头的句子，表示重复前面内容，“也不…”。
e.g. Li Lei can’t answer the question. Neither can I.
If you don’t wait for him, nor shall I.
（6）带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有：not, never, seldom, scarcely, rarely, barely, little, few, hardly, nowhere, nobody, in on way , on no account, at no time, not only…but also…, not once, under no condition, hardly…when, no sooner…than…等
e.g. Little did I think he is a spy.
Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I entered the room than the phone rang.
Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it .
Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.
（7）当句首状语为表示地点方位的介词词组时，句子倒装。
e.g. Round the corner walked a large policeman.
Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
West of the lake lies the famous city.
（8）“某些副词+不及物动词+主语” 的句式，或当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come 等表示位置转移时需要全部倒装。常用的副词主要有：here, there, now, then, out, in, down, up, away等，表示强调。主语是代词时，不必倒装。
e.g. Up went the plane.
In came the chairman and the meeting began.
Out rushed the boy.
Down came the brown wave.
Here is a ticket for you .
Now comes your turn.
注：如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。
e.g. Out they rushed!
Lower and lower he bent.
（9）only 放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），语序要部分倒装。
e.g. Only in this way can we get in touch with them.
Only because he was ill was he absent from school.
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing
(10) 在as though 引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词，副词或名词等置于句首。
e.g. Small as the atom is, we can smash it.
Dog-tired though they were, they continued to march on.
(11) 如果直接引语后注明是什么人说的，而且主语是名词时，需要完全倒装；主语是代词时，一般不用倒装。
e.g. “Let’s go!” said the captain.
“Take off your boots!” ordered the guard.
“What do you mean?” he asked.
(12) 在强调表语时
e.g. Worst of all were the humiliations.
Such is the case.
(13) 在强调宾语时
e.g. Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction.
Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.
注：当前置宾语由“not a +名词”或者“not a single +名词”构成时，也会引起倒装。
e.g. Alice had a terrible time touring that country. Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel.