Part One: Teaching Design (第一部分：教学设计)
Period 1: A sample lesson plan for reading
(HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE)
Aims
To talk about endangered species
To read about wildlife protection
Procedures
I. Warming up by learning about animals
Look at the photos below and listen to me telling you about the animals, the endangered animals.
The Giant Panda is a mammal now usually classified in the bear family, Ursidae, that is native to central China.
The Giant Panda lives in mountainous regions, like Sichuan and Tibet. The Giant Panda is the symbol of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), a conservation organization. Toward the latter half of the 20th century, the panda also became somewhat of a national emblem for China, and is now used in Chinese gold coins.
Giant Pandas are an endangered species, threatened by continued loss of habitat and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and in captivity. About 1,600 are believed to survive in the wild.
Milu deer is a Chinese deer. It has a long tail, wide hooves, and branched antlers. Another Chinese name for it is “four unlikes,.” because the animals were seen as having the horns of a stag, the neck of a camel, the foot of a cow, and the tail of an ass.
These animals were first made known to Western science in the 19th century, by Father Arm and David, a French missionary working in China. At the time, the only surviving herd was in a preserve belonging to the Chinese emperor. The last herd of Milu deers that remained in China were eaten by Western and Japanese troops that were present at the time of the Boxer Rebellion.
These deer are now found in zoos around the world, and a herd of Milu deer was reintroduced to Dafeng Reserve, China in the late 1980s. They are classified as “critically endangered.” in the wild, but do not appear to have suffered from a genetic bottleneck because of small population size.
A tiger is a large cat famous for its beautiful fur of orange striped with black. Tigers live in Asia and are becoming very rare. This is due to people hunting them for their fur and destroying the forests they live in.
II. Pre-reading
1． Defining wildlife
What does the world wildlife mean?
The term wildlife refers to living organisms that are not in any way artificial or domesticated and which exist in natural habitats. Wildlife can refer to flora (plants) but more commonly refers to fauna (animals). Needless to say, wildlife is a very general term for life in various ecosystems. Deserts, rainforests, plains, and other areas-including the most built-up urban sites-all have distinct forms of wildlife.
Humankind has historically tended to separate civilization from wildlife in a number of ways; besides the obvious difference in vocabulary, there are differing expectations in the legal, social, and moral sense. This has been reason for debate throughout recorded history. Religions have often declared certain animals to be sacred, and in modern times concern for the environment has provoked activists to protest the exploitation of wildlife for human benefit or entertainment.
2. Reading to the recording
Now turn to page 26, listening and reading to the recording of the text. Try to keep pace with the native reader, making your reading resemble that of the reader, in speed, in intonation and in pronunciation.
3. Reading and transforming
Now you are to read the text for information to fill in the form.
What did Daisy see where she was?
In Tibet in China Zimbabwe In thick rain forest
4. Reading and underlining
Next you are to read the text and underline all the collocations at the same time.
HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE
not long ago, wake up, find…by one’s side, a flying chair, get dressed, put on one’s jeans, fly away to…, turn around, with a sad face, use…to make…, kill…for…, take…from under…, take one’s picture, become endangered, destroy the farm, take photos, apply to, hunt…for…, make money for…, as a result, in thick rain forest, protect…from…, rub…over…, a powerful drug, pay attention to…, take…home
III. Closing up by matching animals to five risk categories
Different endangered species appear on different endangered species lists. And people who are trying to protecting animal use the following five risk categories to group the unlucky animal.
Now in groups of four try to group all the unlucky animals found in China.
List of Unlucky animals found in China
中国不幸动物分类名录
EXTINCT(灭绝动物)-A species formerly indigenous to Canada that no longer exists anywhere.
EXTIRPATED（根绝动物）-A species no longer existing in the wild in Canada but occurring elsewhere.
ENDANGERED（濒危动物）-A species threatened with imminent extinction or extirpation throughout all or a significant portion of its Canadian range.
THREATENED（危急动物）-A species likely to become endangered in Canada if the factors affecting its vulnerability are not reversed.
VULNERABLE（弱势动物）-A species particularly at risk because of low or declining numbers, small range or for some other reason, but not a threatened species.
Period 2: A sample lesson plan for Learning about Language
(The Present Progressive Passive Voice)
Aims
To learn about The Present Progressive Passive Voice
To discover useful words and expressions
To discover useful structures.
Procedures
I. Warming up by acting a text play
Good morning class. To begin with we shall put our text HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE on stage, that is, to act out our story. Now the class acting team with their text play of HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE!
II. Discovering useful words and expressions
1. Doing vocabulary exercises
Turn to page 28 and do the vocabulary exercises 1, 2 and 3. You can simply write your answers in the blanks on the very page of 28.
2. Playing a game
Let’s go on to play the game described on the top of the page 29. The following sentences are to be passed on.
▲ Plant native plants in your backyard.
▲ Do not dump weeds in the bush.
▲ Build a frog pond in your backyard.
▲ Put your rubbish in the bin.
▲ Leave your pets at home.
▲ Do not take anything out of the park.
▲ Encourage your friends to keep patches of bush as wildlife habitats.
▲ Join a community group and offer to do voluntary work.
▲ Find out about conservation activities happening in your local area.
▲ Participate in local clean-up, tree planting and weed control activities.
▲ Learn About Threatened Species
▲ Look out for wildlife
▲ Refuse to buy any rare or endangered plant or animal product.
▲ Be alert and drive slowly at dawn and dusk in rural areas where wildlife may be active.
III. Studying The Present progressive Passive Voice
1. Passive Voice
The passive voice is used when focusing on the person or thing affected by an action.
The Passive is formed: Passive Subject + To Be + Past Participle
It is often used in business and in other areas where the object of the action is more important than those who perform the action. For Example: We have produced over 20 different models in the past two years. Changes to: Over 20 different models have been produced in the past two years.
If the agent (the performer of the action) is important, use “by.” For Example:
Tim Wilson wrote The Flight to Brunnswick in 1987.
The Flight to Brunnswick was written in 1987 by Tim Wilson.
Only verbs that take an object can be used in the passive.
The following chart includes sentences changed from the active to the passive in the principal tenses.
Active Passive Time Reference
They make Fords in Cologne. Fords are made in Cologne. Present Simple
Susan is cooking dinner. Dinner is being cooked by Susan Present Continuous
James Joyce wrote Dubliners. Dubliners was written by James Joyces. Past Simple
They were painting the house when I arrived. The house was being painted when I arrived. Past Continuous
They have produced over 20 models in the past two years. Over 20 models have been produced in the past two years. Present Perfect
They are going to build a new factory in Portland. A new factory is going to be built in Portland. Future Intention with Going to
I will finish it tomorrow. It will be finished tomorrow. Future Simple
2. Passive Verb Formation
The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the “to be verb.” with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: “The measure could have been killed in committee.” The passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let’s take a look at the passive forms of “design.”
Tense Subject Auxiliary Past Participle
Singular Plural
Present The car/cars is are designed.
Present perfect The car/cars has been have been designed.
Past The car/cars was were designed.
Past perfect The car/cars had been had been designed.
Future The car/cars will be will be designed.
Future perfect The car/cars will have been will have been designed.
Present progressive The car/cars is being are being designed.
Past progressive The car/cars was being were being designed.
IV. Reading and identifying
Since you are clear about Passive Verb Formation, go back to page 26 and scan the text for all the examples of The Present Progressive Passive Voice.
Our fur is being used to make sweaters like yours.
She was being watched by an excited elephant.
…
Now try to put the following sentences into The Present Progressive Passive Voice.
▲ They are producing this new drug.
▲ Antelope is looking at her.
▲ They are killing us for the wool.
▲ They are destroying the farm.
V. Discovering useful structures
To consolidate your learning of The Present Progressive Passive Voice, turn to page 29 and do the grammar exercises 1, 2 and 3, also on the very page of 29.
VI. Closing down by playing a game
To end this period go to page 29 and play the game called “Tell me what is happening?” Ask questions containing The Present Progressive Passive Voice.
Period 3: A sample lesson plan for Using Language
(ABOUT DINOSAURS)
Aims
To read and listen about dinosaurs
To speak about helping the dodo
To write to the dodo
Procedures
I. Warming up by reading to the tape
Let’s warm up by reading aloud to the recording of the text
ABOUT DINOSAURS on page 30.
II. Listening about DINOSAURS
Now I’d like to tell you something about DINOSAURS
■In formation about Dinosaur
Dinosaur means terrible lizard in Latin. They were called that because people used to think dinosaurs were lizards, but they were not. Dinosaurs first appeared about 200 million years ago. 65 million years ago, many kinds of dinosaurs became extinct. Birds are a special type of dinosaur and they were the only kind to live until today.
There were many kinds of dinosaurs. Some ate plants and some ate meat. The largest dinosaurs were plant-eaters like apatosaurus and brachiosaurus. They were the largest animals to ever walk on dry land.
Other plant-eaters had special weapons to help them fight off the meat-eaters. For example, triceratops had three horns on its face, ankylosaurus was covered in boney plates, and stegosaurus had spikes on its tail.
The meat-eaters all ran around on their back legs like people do. Some were very large, like tyrannosaurus, and some were small, like compsognathus. It was the smaller sized meat-eaters that evolved into birds. One of the first birds was archaeopteryx, but it looked half like a dinosaur.
There were large flying reptiles that lived at the same time as dinosaurs called pterosaurs, but they were not closely related to dinosaurs. There were also many kinds of large reptiles that could swim, like ichthyosaurs and pleisiosaurs, but they weren’t closely related to dinosaurs either.
III. Reading and copying
Next we shall go back to the text ABOUT DINOSAURS on page 30 again to read it and copy down all the expressions into your notebook.
Useful phrases from ABOUT DINOSAURS
During the history of the earth, live on the earth, tens of millions of years ago, came into being, eggs of five species, a rare new species, a bird-like dinosaur, climb tree, tell…from…, die out, hit the earth, put…into the air, get hot, live on, know for sure, in the same way, listen to the story about…, disappear from…
IV. Reading to answer questions
Read the questions in the table below and scan the text to answer them.
When did dinosaurs live on earth?
When did dinosaurs die out?
How did dinosaurs die out?
V. Listening about the dodo
Have you ever heard of the dodo, an animal that has also disappeared from the earth?
The Mauritius Dodo (Raphus cucullatus, called Didus ineptus by Linnaeus), more commonly just Dodo, was a metre-high flightless bird of the island of Mauritius. The Dodo, which is now extinct, lived on fruit and nested on the ground.
Next we are going to listen to the tape and do exercises 1 and 2 on page 30 on dodo.
VI. Speaking in pairs about helping the dodo
Zhao Yannan: The Dodo was driven to extinction by sailors when they discovered the island of Maritius in the 17th century. It is one of the first documented human induced extinctions.
Zhao Yanfei: What a pity that we can not find any dodo now. Imagine we are with the dodo, Yannan, what could we do to help it?
Zhao Yannan: Then I would intend to hide it in a cave, so that sailors could not find it.
Zhao Yanfei: If I were there, I would try to trap them as they were catching and killing the dodo. Putting man who is harmful to the dodo in a cage and attacking him is the best way to protect and save the dodo.
Zhao Yannan: I’d like to and I’m ready to, teach man how to be friends with animals, including the dodo. The man and the dodo can be living side by side on the earth. They can be happy together.
ZhaoYanfei: I would rather not tell you what I think of man. He is selfish and cruel. He cares only for himself and that is why so many animals have disappeared from this earth. Putting the bad men in a cage is the only way out, I am sure.
VII. Closing down by writing to the dodo
All right now, boys and girls, to end this period next you are to write a letter or an email to the dodo telling him what you are going to do to save him.
By 1681, the last dodo died, and the species became extinct. After hundreds of years, no one recalled what a dodo bird was, and it was regarded as a myth invented by imaginative sailors. It wasn’t until the 1900’s when the bones were found that the dodo was believed to be real.
Today, the dodo bird is a symbol of the harm humans can bring to other living things if we are irresponsible.
Part Two: Teaching Resources (第二部分：教学资源)
Section 1: A text structure analysis of HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE
I. Type of writing and summary of the idea
HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE
Type of writing This is a piece of narrative writing.
Main idea of the passage
Daisy went by flying chair to Tibet, Zimbabwe and a certain thick rain forest to visit endangered animals, which made her know a lot about some destructive as well as protection behaviors that people had done to wildlife.
Idea of 1st paragraph Daisy arrived in Tibet to see a sad antelope to learn that in three years they may all be gone.
Idea of 2nd and 3rd paragraphs Daisy came to Zimbabwe to see an excited elephant and learned that his family was being protected by man.
Idea of 4th paragraph Daisy landed in a thick rain forest to find a clever monkey and learned that no rain forest, no animals and no drugs.
Idea of 5th paragraph Daisy returned home learning so much about wildlife.
II. A text play（课本剧）of HOW DAISY LEARNED TO HELP WILDLIFE
Daisy: (waking) Who are you? Why are you here in my bedroom?
Chair: Excuse me. I am the famous Flying Chair.
Daisy: What are you here for?
Chair: I am here to take you on a trip. Where would you go?
Daisy: I’d like to see animals that gave furs to make this sweater of mine.
Chair: During the history of the earth there have lived on the earth many, many kinds of animals. But many have disappeared because of various reasons.
Daisy: Yes, you are right. I learned from books that tens of millions of years ago, a rare new species of dinosaur, a bird-like dinosaur, came into being. It could climb trees and was very lovely. Then it died out because something hit the earth suddenly, putting much dust into the air. So the earth got too hot for the animal to live on.
Chair: But no one knows for sure what caused all those ancient animals to die out, disappearing from the earth for ever.
Daisy: I shall get dressed and put on my jeans and sweater soon. Then let’s fly away to Tibet China to see the antelopes.
Chair: Here we are in Tibet! Turn around. There is a antelope there with a sad face.
Antelope: Hello, friends. Welcome to my home. You two look so friendly, unlike those who came to kill us to use our furs make sweaters.
Daisy: Sweaters like the one I am wearing? Oh, I am terribly sorry.
Antelope: The bad men came in groups to kill my family members for the wool. They took it from under our stomach.
Chair: I shall take a picture of you and the antelope, to be shown to all the world people.
Daisy: Come Antelope! Let’s have a picture taken together. We shall be off to Zimbabwe too see elephants there.
Chair: Here we are. This is a national park for animals. People came to see them and help with them.
Daisy: Look, there comes an excited elephant. Hello, dear Elephant! Why are you so excited?
Elephant: We are all excited because things have changed a lot here.
Chair: Why? What happened?
Elephant: We became endangered years ago. People came to destroy the farm and kill us for trunks. They are actually our long teeth.
Daisy: I have heard of that. They take your teeth and make them into art work.
Chair: Man is really selfish and disgusting. But Daisy is a nice girl. Now let’s have a picture taken together.
Elephant: Those bad men used to come and kill us. But now are well protected by the government and the good people. We are happy now.
Daisy: Good- bye, Elephant!
Chair: Take care, Daisy. We shall hurry to our last stop, the thick rain forest in South America.
Daisy: Wow! Look to the right. A lovely mother monkey is there. She seems to be rubbing herself. Hi, Monkey Mother! What are you doing?
Monkey: I am rubbing a millipede insect over my body to protect myself from the mosquitoes.
Daisy: How intelligent you are!
Monkey: It contains a powerful drug which affects mosquitoes. There are lots of plants and little animals in the rain forest here which can be helpful to man.
Daisy: Is that so? I am going to take photos of all those useful plants and animals. I will show the photos to my classmates so that they understand you lovely animals and the forest better. I will apply to be allowed to work here to help you get a better living in the forest.
Monkey: Thank you so much! Some unfriendly people came to catch us, to put us in the zoo in the city. We monkeys prefer living in the forest.
Daisy: Good- bye, Monkey! I will report what I learned on this trip to WWF. I will invite all my schoolmates to join us in the protecting project. The future is to be bright for both you the animals and us the human beings. See you!
Section 2: Background information on wildlife protection
I. 中国国家重点保护动物名录
■ 国家一级保护动物
最凶猛的雕：金雕
1.金雕 Aquila chrysaetos 2.白鹳 Ciconia ciconia
3.黑麂 Muntyacus crinifrons 4.云豹 Neofelis nebulosa
5.华南虎 Panthera tigris 6.豹 Panthera pardusfusca
7.白颈长尾雉 Syrmaticus ellioti 8.黄腹角雉 Tragopan caboti
■ 国家二级保护动物
鬣羚：真兽下纲，反刍亚目，有角下目，牛科
1.鬣羚 Capricornis sumatraensis
2.豺 Cuon alpinus
3.金猫 Felis temmincki
4.短尾猴 Macaca arctoides
5. 猕猴 Macaca mulatta
6.穿山甲 Manis pentadactyla 7.黄喉貂 Martes flavigula
8.斑羚 Naemorhedus goral 9.大灵猫 Viverra zibetha
10.小灵猫 Viverricula indica 11.雀鹰 Accipiter nisus
12.赤腹鹰 Accipiter soloensis 13.苍鹰 Accipiter gentilis
14.鸳鸯 Aix galericulata 15.乌雕 Aquila clanga
16.白腹山雕 Aquila fasciata 17.短耳鸮 Asio flammeus
18.长耳鸮 Asio otus 19.雕鸮 Bubo bubo
20.灰脸鹰 Butastur indicus 21.大?Buteo hemilasius
22.毛脚?Buteo lagopus 23.普通?Buteo buteo
24.红脚隼 Falco vespertinus 25.灰背隼 Falco columbarius
26.游隼 Falco peregrinus 27.燕隼 Falco subbuteo
28.红隼 Falco tinnunculus 29.领鸺鹠 Glaucidium brodiei
30.斑头鸺鹠 Glaucidium cuculoides 31.白鹇 Lophura nycthemera
32.小隼 Mrcrohierax caerulescens 33.鸢 Milvus migrans
34.鹰鸮 Ninox scutulata 35.小杓鹬 Numenius borealis
36.领角鸮 Otus bakkamoena 37.红角鸮 Otus scops
38.勺鸡 Pucrasia macrolopla 39.蛇雕 Spilornis cheela
40.鹰雕 Spizaetus nipalensis 41.褐林鸮 Strix leptogrammica
42.草鸮 Tyto capensis 43.大鲵 Andrias davidianus
44.虎纹蛙 Rana tigrina 45.拉步甲 Carabus lafossaei
II. What is WWF?
WWF, the global conservation organization was originally known as World Wildlife Fund.
In 1986, it changed its name to World Wide Fund For Nature (except in the US and Canada) to better represent the spread of its work. It was founded on September 11, 1961 by, among others, the biologist Sir Julian Huxley, Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Max Nicholson and the naturalist and painter Sir Peter Scott who designed the original black and white panda logo. It is one of the world’s largest environmental organizations, with a network of offices in nearly 60 countries and a secretariat in Gland, Switzerland.
Probably the most famous name associated with WWF is HRH The Duke of Edinburgh. The Duke was the first President of WWF-UK from its foundation in 1961 to 1982, International President of WWF (1981-1996), and is now President Emeritus.
WWF is dedicated to stopping the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and building a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by:
▲ conserving the world’s biological diversity,
▲ ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable,
▲ promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.
WWF has a factual, science-based approach to conservation, which focuses on six priority issues of global concern: forests, oceans and coasts, fresh water, endangered species, and the insidious threats of toxic chemicals and climate change. For each of these issues, WWF has developed measurable targets and runs more than 1,200 field projects around the world in any year.
III. Antelope
The antelope are a group of herbivorous African animals of the family Bovidae, distinguished by a pair of hollow horns on their heads. These animals are spread relatively evenly throughout the various subfamilies of Bovidae and many are more closely related to cows or goats than each other. There are many different species of antelope, ranging in size from tiny to very big. They typically have a light and elegant figure, slender, graceful limbs, small cloven hoofs, and a short tail. Antelope have powerful hindquarters and when startled they run with a peculiar bounding stride that makes them look as though they are bouncing over the terrain like a giant rabbit. Some species of antelope can reach speeds of 60 miles per hour (100 kilometers per hour), making them among the fastest of land animals.
IV. Elephant
Elephantidae (the elephants) is the only extant family in the order Proboscidea. Elephantidae has three living species: the Savannah Elephant and Forest Elephant (which were collectively known as the African Elephant) and the Asian Elephant (formerly known as the Indian Elephant). During the period of the ice age there were more species, which are now extinct.
Elephants are the largest living land mammals. At birth it is common for an elephant calf to weigh 100 kg (225 pounds). It takes 20 to 22 months for a baby elephant to mature to birth, the longest gestation period of any land animal. An elephant may live as long as 60 to 70 years. The largest elephant ever recorded was a male shot in Angola in 1974, weighing 12000 kilograms or 26400 pounds.
Prehistoric human beings have been known to eat elephants, as recent findings of animal remains in central China show. The elephant is now a protected animal, and consumption is prohibited around the world.
V. Monkey
A monkey is any member of two of the three groupings of simian primates. These two groupings are the New World and Old World monkeys. Because of their similarity to monkeys, apes such as chimpanzees and gibbons are sometimes incorrectly called monkeys. Also, a few monkey species have the word “ape.” in their common name. Because they are not a single coherent group, monkeys do not have any important characteristics that they all share and are not shared with the remaining group of simians, the apes.
Monkeys range in size from the Pygmy Marmoset, at 10 cm (4 inch) long (plus tail) and 120 g (4 oz) in weight to the male Mandrill, almost 1 metre (3 ft) long and weighing 35 kg (75 lb). Some are arboreal (living in trees), some live on the savanna; some eat fruit, some eat leaves, and some eat insects; although most have tails (sometimes prehensile), others do not; some have trichromatic colour vision like that of humans, others are dichromats or monochromats. Although both the new and old world monkeys, like the apes, have forward facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different. To understand the monkeys, therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the different groups individually.
Section 3: Words and expressions from Unit 4 Wildlife protection
enemy
n. 1. any hostile group of people: He viewed lawyers as the real enemy. 2. an opposing military force : The enemy attacked at dawn.
reserve
v. 1. arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance: Reserve me a seat on a flight. 2. obtain or arrange (for oneself) in advance: We managed to reserve a table at Maxim’s. 3. give or assign a share of money or time to a particular person or cause
hunt
n. an instance of searching for something: the hunt for submarines. v. chase away, with as with force: They hunted the unwanted immigrants out of the neighborhood. v. 1. pursue for food or sport (as of wild animals): Goering often hunted wild boars in Poland. 2. search (an area) for prey: The King used to hunt these forests. 3. seek, search for: She hunted for her reading glasses but was unable to locate them. 4. oscillate about a desired speed, position, or state to an undesirable extent: The oscillator hunts about the correct frequency. 5. pursue or chase relentlessly: The hunters traced the deer into the woods.
wild
n. a wild primitive state untouched by civilization: He lived in the wild. adj. 1. in a state of extreme emotion: wild with anger. 2. produced without being planted or without human labor: wild strawberries. 3. in a natural state; not tamed or domesticated or cultivated: wild geese. 4. marked by extreme lack of restraint or control: wild ideas. 5. not subjected to control or restraint: A piano played with a wild exuberance- Louis Bromfield. 6. deviating widely from an intended course: a wild bullet. 7. (of colors or sounds) intensely vivid or loud: wild colors. 8. talking or behaving irrationally 9. located in a dismal or remote area; desolate: a godforsaken wilderness crossroads. 10. without civilizing influences: wild tribes. adv. in a wild or undomesticated manner: growing wild.
protection
n. 1. payment extorted by gangsters on threat of violence: Every store in the neighborhood had to pay him protection. 2. the activity of protecting someone or something: The witnesses demanded police protection. 3. the imposition of duties or quotas on imports in order to protect domestic industry against foreign competition: He made trade protection a plank in the party platform. 4. the condition of being protected: They were huddled together for protection. 5. defense against financial failure; financial independence: Insurance provided protection against loss of wages due to illness. 6. a covering that is intend to protect from damage or injury: They had no protection from the fallout.
peace
n. 1. a treaty to cease hostilities: Peace came on November 11th. 2. harmonious relations; freedom from disputes: The roommates lived in peace together. 3. the general security of public places: He was arrested for disturbing the peace.
apply
v. 1. apply oneself to: Please apply yourself to your homework. 2. be pertinent or relevant or applicable: The same laws apply to you! 3. ask (for something): Apply for a job. 4. refer (a word or name) to a person or thing 5. give or convey physically 6. avail oneself to: Apply a principle. 7. ensure observance of laws and rules: Apply the rules to everyone. 8. put into service; make work or employ (something) for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose: Apply a magnetic field here.
suggest
v. imply as a possibility: The evidence suggests a need for more clarification.
rub
n. the act of rubbing or wiping: He gave the hood a quick rub. v. move over something with pressure: Rub my hands.
contain
v. 1. be capable of holding or containing 2. be divisible by: 24 contains 6. 3. include or contain; have as a component: The record contains many old songs from the 1930’s. 4. contain or hold; have within: This can contains water. 5. hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of: Contain the rebel movement.
affect
v. 1. have an effect upon: Will the new rules affect me? 2. connect closely and often incriminatingly: This new ruling affects your business. 3. make believe with the intent to deceive