一、 不定式的概念.它是一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语,但可以和其他动词一起构成谓语. 它没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.
二、 动词不定式的否定式和疑问式
1． 动词不定式的否定式由not/never to do构成，另外，还有in order not to do, so as not to do, too…not to do…
2． 由“疑问代词、副词(who, when, what, where, how + to do)”构成，可作主语、宾语、和表语。
e.g.: He decided not to go there. The teacher told us never to cheat in the exam.老师告诉我们不要在考试中作弊。
I didn’t know what to do. When to hold the meeting is not known yet.
My question is how to get so many books.
三、 动词不定式在句中的用法
不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，它表示一个具体动作，有将来时的意思。可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。还可作宾语和主语补足语。
1. 作主语 e.g.: To learn English is good way is important.
★不定式短语作主语时，若主语太长往往放在句子的后面，用it作形式主语。
e.g.: It is right to give up smoking. It is necessary to make a study plan.
★It’s …..of sb. to do sth.与It’s ….for sb. to do sth.
e.g.: It’s very kind/ nice of you to help me.感谢你的帮助。（表语形容词用来说明不定式逻辑主语具有某种品质）
It’s hard for the Chinese students to learn Russian. （表语形容词用来说明不定式逻辑主语具有某种特征）
2. 作表语，用来说明一个具体的或将来的动作
e.g.: His wish is to become a doctor. My job is to teach English. The most important thing is to save time.
★当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果。
e.g.: To see is to believe. To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.对敌人仁慈就是对人民残酷。
3. 作宾语, 不定式作宾语可跟在某些及物动词的后面，如hope, manage, refuse, set out, want, wish, decide, learn…，还可跟在某些标语形容词的后面，如glad, sure, afraid, able, sorry, free…..
e.g.: He wished to be a teacher in a mountain area. Do you like to watch TV? The students wanted to visit the museum.
I’m glad to meet you. You are free to go or stay.
★动词不定式在句中作宾语，如果带有宾语补足语时，要先用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式后置。
e.g.: I don’t think it right to do it in that way. I find it interesting to work with him.
★○1need, require, want后接V-ing，也可接不定式。
e.g.: The glass needs cutting. = The glass needs to be cut. 玻璃要割一下。
○2有些动词如stop, remember, forget, go on, mean…或接不定式和V-ing意义不同。
○3like, love, prefer后接不定式表示一次性的、具体的行为； 接V-ing表示经常性的行为。
e.g.: I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
I like reading in bed.
○4在begin, start, continue后用V-ing或不定式都可。但是不定式的动词如果是表示“理解、知道、明白”时,一般只用不定式。
e.g.: I began to work. = I began working.
I am beginning to understand/ realize/ see why he acted as he did.我渐渐地明白他那样做的原因。
4.作定语，动词不定式作定语放在修饰词的后面。
e.g.: He is always the first to get up. He has a lot of work to do.
★如果不定式与所修饰的词之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，用不定式的主动形式表示被动。
e.g.: I have a lot of work to do today. Lili, do you have anything to say now?
★如果不定式与所修饰的词之间含有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语时，用不定式的被动式。
e.g.: I have a lot of work to be done today.我今天有很多工作要（别人）做。
Do you have anything to be taken to your son?
Have you anything to send? 你有东西要寄吗？
Have you anything to be sent? 你有东西（要我或别人）寄吗？
★作定语的不定式如果与其前面所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系，同时动词又为不及物动词，动词后要加介词或副词，使其成为及物动词短语。
e.g.: Will you find me a pen to write with? 你能给我找一支钢笔写字吗？ She has no ink to draw in.她没有绘画的墨汁了。
He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about.
★不定式所修饰的词是time, place, way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。
e.g.: He had no money and no place to live (in).他没有钱，也没有住的地方。
We found a way to solve the problem (in).
★○1不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词。
e.g.: He was the best man to do the job. She was the first to leave the classroom.
○2用来修饰抽象名词，如ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time….
e.g.: Do you have the ability to read and write English?
I have no chance to go sightseeing.
5.作状语，可表目的，原因，结果等，要注意它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。
(1) 作目的状语，不定式可以单独在句首、句中或句末作状语，有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order，so as
e.g.: He came here to see you. He stopped his car to have a look at the beautiful scenery.
Bob took down my phone number so as/ in order not to forget it.
★当不定式或不定式短语有自己的动作执行者时，要用不定式的复合结构（即在不定式或不定式短语前加for+ 名词或宾格代词）做状语。
e.g.: He opened the door for the children to come in.
○1当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同时，可以直接简化为不定式或不定式短语作状语。
e.g.: We’ll start early in order to/so as to arrive in time. = We’ll start early in order that/ so that we may arrive in time.
○2当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语不相同时，要用动词不定式的复合结构作状语。
e.g.: I came early in order that you might read my report before the meeting.
= I came early for you to read my report before the meeting.我早就来了，以便你能在会议之前读到我的报告。
★有时为了目的状语，可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。
e.g.: In order to learn English well, he works hard at it. He got up early so as to catch the first bus.
★动词不定式作状语还可放在句首，使其所表示的更明确突出。
e.g.: To be a teacher, one must first be a pupil. To defend our country, we must strengthen ourselves.
(2)结果状语e.g.: He woke up to find he was locked in the room. I’m too tired to stay up later.我太累了不能再熬夜了。
★表示结果有时可以用too….to…的结构，表示结果办不到。但是如果too后为anxious, eager, willing, ready, hungry…,没有否定以为。另外在to前加not也表示肯定。
e.g.: He is too young to go to school. We were too excited to sleep that night.
They were too anxious to leave.他们迫不及待地想离开。He is too hungry to eat anything.他饿得什么都不想吃。
We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了。
★不定式作结果状语时，经常表示继谓语动作发生后的一个相反的、不太好的或出乎意料的结果，“没想到….，结果却….，未料到….”，其前常加just, only等词修饰，以示强调。 e.g.: I arrive at the station in a hurry, only to find the train had left.我匆忙地赶到火车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。分词作结果状语，通常表示一个自然形成的结果，是前面所述情况的直接结果。
e.g.: A number of new machines were installed in the factory, thus resulting in an increase in production.
这家工厂安装了许多新机器，因而增加了产量。
(3)作原因状语。在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词不定式后可接不定式。如: astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised…..,但是在带有enough, too的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。
e.g.: We are very glad to hear the news.听到这个消息，我们很高兴。
I was very surprised to see that a three years old baby could write so well.看到三岁的孩子能写得如此好，我感到很奇怪。
He was too excited not to say a few words.他太激动了，不会不讲几句话的。
He is old enough to go to school.他到上学年龄了。
★在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。常见的形容词有：comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, expensive, fit, impossible….
e.g.: The question raised by the student is a little difficult to answer.学生提出的这个问题回答起来有点难。
The room is really comfortable to live in.这房子住起来很舒服。
6.独立结构，可位于句首，句中，句末，常见的短语有： to be exact, to begin with, to be sure(真的)。
e.g.: To tell you the truth, I don’t like your sister. 老实对你说，我不喜欢你妹妹。
7.作宾语补足语。动词不定式还可以作宾语补足语，此时有两种用法：○1有将来时的意思，表示动作没有发生。○2表示整个动作已完成。
e.g.: He asked me to go with him. The Party called on us to learn from Comrade LeiFeng.
He advised us to take a good rest.
★ 动词不定式作宾语补足语用在感官动词和使役动词后，不定式符号to需省略。这些动词有see, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, have, let, make, feel, help…
e.g.: He let us sit still. I had him go with me.
★不定式在介词but, except后面时，如前有行为动词do的任一形式时，不定式要省to.
e.g.: She could do nothing but cry. I have no choice but to go.
★在advise, allow, permit, recommend后如果有人作宾语时，要接不定式作宾补；如果没有人作宾语，那么，就要用V-ing形式作宾补。e.g.: He advised me to apply at once.我建议我立刻申请。
He advised applying at once.他建议立刻申请。
8.作主语补足语。作主语补足语的用法同作宾语补足语的用法大致相同，只是谓语动词为被动时，要特别主语此时不能省略to.
e.g.: He was seen to get to the bus. She was asked to do that work. Tom was made to do heavy work.
四、 动词不定式的时态和语态
主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing to be being done
(1) 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作（状态）同时（几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。
e.g.: I’m sorry to tell you that you are wrong this time.我很抱歉地告诉你，这次你错了。
(2)如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这是不定式就要用进行式。
e.g.: I’m very glad to be talking with you.跟你谈话我很高兴。
(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。
e.g.: I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.不好意思，让你等了这么久。
(4)当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。
e.g.: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.他要求被派到乡下工作。
(5)在there be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动，但有时两种形式表达的意思不同。
e.g.: There is nothing to do now.（我们）现在无事可做。
There is nothing to be done now.（我们）现在什么事情也做不了。
五、 不定式符号to的省略
○1感官动词feel, see, notice, watch, find, listen to, observe…和使役动词have, make, let等的宾语补足语要省to。但如果改为被动语态时，to要还原。
e.g.: I didn’t hear anyone say anything about it.关于那件事我没听到有人说什么。
He make us do it a second time.他让我没把这件事再做一遍。
The boys are often seen to swim in the lake.人们经常看到那些男孩子在湖里游泳。
The workers were made to work 12 hours a day. 这些工人们被迫一天工作12个小时。
○2两个或两个以上的动词不定式由连词and/ or/than/ but连接时，从第二个不定式起，往往省略不定式符号，但如果强调对比之意时不省略。
e.g.: The students are taught to read, write and do many other things. It’s more difficult to do than to say.
○3在不定式作表语的句子中，当主语部分喊有动词do，不定式表语是用来解释do的精确含义时，往往可以省略不定式符号。
e.g.: What I want to do now is lie down and rest. 我现在只想躺下来休息。
○4在shy/why not引导的表示建议或责问的省略问句中。
e.g.: Why quarrel with your mother? Why not join us, Tom?
○5在一些类似情态动词had better/ would rather/ had best/ rather than/ can’t but/ can’t help but….之后
e.g.: You’d better put on more clothes, or you will catch a bad cold.
She dares to go to the lonely island by herself. I can’t but admire her bravery.
她敢一个在孤岛上生活，我不能不佩服她的勇气。
○6dare作行为动词时，其后既可接带to的不定式，也可接不带to的不定式。
e.g.: She doesn’t dare (to) answer her teacher’s question. 她不敢回答老师的提问。
六、 不定式符号to后的动词部分的省略
○1一些表示心理活动、情感态度的动词或短语，如expect, want, hope, wish, love, hate, decide, plan, mean, try, would like, be ready, be afraid, be glad…后动词不定式省略to后面的动词部分，但保留to。
e.g.: ----Will you go with me? ----Well, I’d like to.
----Will you go home tomorrow? ---- No. I’m going to listen to a lecture, or at least I am planning to.
○2不定式作宾补时，省略to后的动词部分，即用to代替整个不定式。
e.g.: They wanted to go outing on Sunday. But their teacher asked them not to.
You’d better finish the job on time if he ordered you to.
○3在一些情态动词或助动词ought to, have to, used to, be able to后
e.g.: ----Must I go now? ----No. You don’t have to.
-----Are you planning to see your grandfather? ----No. But I ought to.
○4当不定式是由be, have, have been构成时，to后必须保留be, have, have been.
e.g.: ----Are you fond of classic music? ----No, but I use to be.
----Have you told Ann about her failure in the test? ----Yes, but I oughtn’t to have.
○5部分动词常接 “to be + 形容词、名词短语”等形式，有时to be可省略。如believe, consider, discover, find, feel, imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, see, understand….
e.g.: We all believe John (to be) honest.
I consider him (to be) one of the best biology teachers of No.3 Middle School.
★当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略。 e.g.: We consider him to have been foolish.我们认为他已经傻了。
七、练习。
1. Robert is said_______ abroad，but l don't know what
country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study
C. to be studying D. to have been studying
[答案] A
2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life
easier，______ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make
C. not making D. don't make
[解析] 根据句子的含义及结构来判断，很显然，考查的是动词不定式作表语，而此处前后两个动词不定式呈对比关系，to不能省略。
[答案] B
3. I've worked with children before，so I know
what______ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect
C. to be expecting D. expects
[解析] 从后半句可知考查疑问词+不定式用法。expect的宾语是what。
[答案] B
4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple，but______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see
[解析] remain to be seen拭目以待，根据句意应选B。
[答案] B
5. It is said in Australia there is more land than the
government knows______ .
A. it what to do with B. what to do with it
C. what to do it with D. to do what with it
[解析] 该题考查疑问词+to do用法。根据句意what to do with it如何处理它。
[答案] B
6. The mother didn't know______ to blame for the
broken glass as it happened while she was out .
A. who B. when C. how D. why
[解析] 根据句意“妈妈不知道责怪谁，因为打破杯子这件事发生在她不在家的时候.
[答案] A
即学即用
1. Last summer I took a course on--.
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
2. Let Harry play with your toys as well，Clare you must learn to--.
A. support B. care C. spare D. share
3. There are five pairs_____, but I’m at a loss which to buy.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from
C. to choose D. for choosing
4. Paul doesn't have to be made____. He always works hard.
A. 1earn B. to learn C. 1earned D. 1earning
5. We agreed ______ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
6. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him______.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
7. The patient was warned___ only food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
8. I would love______ to the party last night，but l had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
9. Mr. Smith warned her daughter______ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive
C. never driving D. never drive
10. --------The light in the office is still on.
--------0h，I forgot______ .
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
11. Little Jim should love______ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
12. Charles Babbage is generally considered______ is the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing
C. to have invented D. having invented
13. ______ down the radio______ the baby's asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
14. Mother______ us stories when we were young.
A. was used to tell B. is used to telling
C. used to tell D. used to telling
15. She pretended______ me when I passed by.
A. not to see. B. not seeing
C. to not see D. having not seen.
1-15 ADBBC ACBAC ACDCA
1. Is necessary to complete the design before National Day?
A. this B. that C. it D. he
2. The teacher asked us so much noise.
A. don’t make B. not make
C. not making D. not to make
3. To live in hearts we leave behind is .
A. not to die B. to not die C. not dying D. dying not
4. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role in making the earth a better place to live.
A. to have played B. to play
C. to be played D. to be playing
5. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person .
A. to send B. for sending it
C. to send it to D. for sending it to
6. -The light in the office is still on.
---Oh, I forgot .
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. having turned it off D. to turn it off
7. I to believe that God could make me enter a university.
A. reject B. require C. insist D. refuse
8. She can’t help the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
9. Not everybody has the ability in public.
A. of speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
10. Mary is always the first student to answer the teacher’s questions in class.
A. rising B. to rise C. rose D. risen
11. ----Mum, why do you always ask me to eat an egg every day?
--- enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
12. -Would you be so kind us out?
---With pleasure.
A. helping B. in helping C. help D. as to help
13. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier.
it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
14. In Australia he made a lot of friends a very practical knowledge of English.
A. get B. getting C. to get D. got
15. European football is played in 80 countries, it the most popular sports in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
16. Yesterday I went to see him, that he had gone abroad two days before.
A. only to learn B. to learn only
C. only learned D. only learning
17. Paul doesn’t have to be made _ . He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
18. Charles Babbage is generally considered the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing
C. to have invented D. having invented
19. Wet umbrellas are not allowed into this hotel according to the rule.
A. to be taken B. to take C. taken D. taking
20. The patient was warned oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating C. not to eat D. not eating
21. The teacher ordered the classroom at once and the students began to work.
A. to be cleaned B. cleaned C. to clean D. being cleaned
22. We agreed here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
23. ---Does your brother intend to study German?
----Yes, he intends .
A. \ B. to C. so D. that
24. -Let me tell you something about the journalists.
---Don’t you remember me the story yesterday?
A. told B. telling C. to tell D. to have told
25. To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule .
A. to never break B. never to be broken
C. never to have broken D. never to be breaking
CBAB CDDD BCDB CAAB CACA CBB