New words:
1. genius n.1)天才 [u] 可加a
be a genius at sth. 做某事是天才
have a genius for (doing) sth.又(做)某事的天才
He had a wonderful genius for painting./mathematics.
2) 有天才的人 [c]
Shakespeare is a genius.
He is considered to be a genius at maths.
2. undertake (undertook, undertaken)
1)着手做；从事；承担(责任)作某事start on work ;
take up a position
undertake n. /pron.
to do
We could undertake the job for the time being.
He undertook the leadership of the team.
We cannot undertake to do that.
2)同意，答应（做谋事）
undertake to do
agree /promise to do
He undertook to finish the job by Friday.
He undertook to improve the working arrangements.
3)保证（跟从句）ensure
We cannot undertake that we shall finish it in time.
I can undertake that you will enjoy it.
3. obvious adj. 明显，显而易见easy to understand; clear
It is obvious that…
It was obvious that he was not going home.
It is obvious that he is lying.
obviously adv. 显而易见地can be easily seen
Obviously you didn’t read it.
4. curious adj. 好奇的，好求知的，爱打听隐私的
be curious about
to do
The boy was curious about everything he saw.
He was curious to know what was happening in the office.
curiously adv.好奇地，说也奇怪
Philip looked curiously at the people.
Obviously enough he had never seen the little girl.
5. debate n.辩论；争论 [c]
a long debate
vi. 1) debate about sth.
argue with sb.
quarrel
I debated (about) the question with Mary.
考虑，讨论（如何好）
debate whether to do
whether
I debate whether to accept the job.
We were debating where we should go.
I’m just debating whether to go or stay.
2)argue sb. into (out of ) doing说服某人做（不做）某事
He argued her into( out of ) going.
6. promising adj. 有希望的,有前途的
a promising leader
v.1)答应;许下诺言
promise sb. sth 接双宾语
to do
that
He promised his daughter a present for her birthday.
You must promised me to take a thorough rest.
I had promised Mary to attend the show.
You must promise me that you won’t do that again.
比较: He promised me to go.
He permitted me to go.
2)有希望…,可能会(有)
It promises to be fine tomorrow.
This promises to be an interesting evening.
The clouds promise rain.
The sky promised a storm.
come true
continue fine
turn out to be
stay/keep/remain
7. research n. v.探索,调查,研究
do research in/into 对 进行研究
make on 在…方面进行研究
carry out
he has done a good deal of research on that subject.
research into/on
He is researching into the reading problems of young school children .
to research into (on ) the effects of cigarette smoking.
8. disable vt.使丧失能力
disabled adj. 有残疾的
the disabled 有残疾的人
disability n. 残废people with disability
He was disabled in the accident.
An accident disabled him from playing football.
The disabled are to receive more money.
9. seek (sought, sought) vt.i.寻找，探求，追求（多用书面语）
seek opportunities/employment/advice
seek to do设法，企图，试图
I have never sought to hide my views.
We sought to change his mind.
search for/ look for/ hunt for
10. observe v.
1)注意到,观察
observe n./ pron.
sb./sth. doing
sb. / sth. do/ to be
that
They are observing stars.
They were observed entering the bank.
They didn’t observe Peter come in and go upstairs.
The only thing that I have observed to be without limit is the businessman’s desire for profits.
We observed that it had turned cloudy.
2）遵守
The doctors observe this rule.
3)庆祝，过（某种节日）=celebrate
Do they observe/celebrate Christmas in that country?
11. match v.
1)和…较量,让…和…比赛
He matched his brother against (with) the champion.
2)相配=go with
She matched the carpet with some very nice curtains.
These shoes do not match; one is large and the other is small.
相等，发现，（找到）相等物
链接：go with/suit/fit/agree with
12. patient adj. 耐心的
patiently adv. 耐心地
patience n. 耐心，忍耐力 [u]
1) be patient with sb. 对某人耐心
You are very patient with me.
Just be patient a while.
2)The girl waited patiently for his decision.
3) He had no patience with her.
He showed the greatest patience.
13. experiment n. v.
1)试验，实验[c]
carry out experiment in chemistry
perform
do
2)试验(总称)[u]尝试
Some people learn by experiment and others by experience.
Making a difference有所作为
WARMING UP
1. Albert Einstein (1879-1955), was born in Ulm Germany, German-born American physicist and won the Nobel Prize. Best known for his theories of relativity. He is perhaps the most well-known scientist of the 20th century.
2. Marie Curie (1867-1934), Polish scientist, was born in Warsaw. She got married in 1895 with the French physicist, Pierre Curie. The Curies together with another scientist obtain the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. In 1911 she again got the Nobel Prize but for chemistry.
3. Thomas Alva Edison （1847-1931）was born in Ohio, a great American inventor. When he was a child, he was always asking questions and trying out new ideas. No matter how hard it was, he never gave up. He would keep trying out different ideas until he invented what he wanted. When he invented an electric light. He tried over two thousand materials before discovering one that would work. He had 1093 inventions.
4. Alfred North Whitehead (怀特黑得1861-1947)，British mathematician, logician and philosopher best known for his work in mathematical logic and the philosophy science and contributed to twentieth-century logic and metaphysics.
5. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was born in Pisa, Italy, famous astronomer and physicist. He is the first person to use a telescope to study the skies. At that time it had been taken foe granted that the earth was the center of the universe. His discoveries made sure that the earth goes round the sun.
Warming up
1.Nothing in life is to be feared…
a. be to do
1)安排好的将来
We are to hold sports meet next week.
2)必须must
You are to / must be back at six.
All these things are to be answered for.
b. be about to do最近的将来,不同时间状语连用
I’m about to leave.
不说I’m about to leave in ten minutes.
用于下列句型:
be about to do…when…
I was about to leave when the telephone rang.
In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they ___. A. have survived A. are to survive C. would survive D. will survive
c. be going to
d. will
1)客观事实
Tomorrow will be Sunday.
2)没有准备的将来
---I forgot to post your letter.
---I’ll post it myself.
2. similar adj. like or alike, of the same kind类似,相似,差不多
be similar to …同…差不多
We have similar opinions; my opinions are similar to his.
His views are similar to mine.
alike adj. like one another m, the same(仅用作表语) adv.
The two brother are very much alike.
The two office buildings are alike in size and shape.
She treats all her children alike.
链接：be familiar to sb, / sth. 熟悉
be the same as 同…一样
be the same to sb.对…来讲一样
It’s all the same to me. 对我来说无所谓,什么都可以.
be different from与…不同,
be different in 在…方面不同
similarity n.
1) [u]类似性，相似性
How much similarity is there between the two brothers?
There is not much similarity between two brothers.
2)相似之处 [c]
There are other similarities.
3.What’s the English word for this object?
What’s the word for “travel” in French ? “travel”这个词法语怎么说？
4.doubt
1) v. be uncertain (about)怀疑，不相信
(同)question
I don’t doubt /question that he is telling the truth.
I doubt /question whether
if it is true.
that
I doubt that he will come.
疑问，否定用that
肯定用if/ whether / that
2) n. There is no doubt that …
There is some doubt whether…
There is no doubt that he is guilty.
There is some doubt whether he is guilty.
3)There is no doubt about/of
4)without doubt毫无疑问
in doubt不一定，不能肯定
The whole matter is still in doubt.
throw/cast doubt on使人对。。。产生怀疑
6. more than
1) more than one作主语时位于用单数
More than one was/ were killed in the accident.
2) one and a half + 复数名词 谓语用单数
One and a half dollars is / are the tip.
One and a half hours is / are enough.
3) more than = over超过（反）less than不到
He is more than/ over / less than fifteen.
4）more than不仅仅, 极其
Bamboo is used for more than building.
He is more than pleased.
5） no more than
a. only仅仅,只有
There are only /no more than five people in the bus.
b. 同…一样都不
He is no richer / taller than his brother.
6） not more than
a. at the most指多,最多
There are not more than ten people in the bus.
b.一方不如一方
He is not richer than his brother. 他没他哥富有.(他也富有)
7.Most of us would probably feel very sad…
would用法：
1)will的过去式,多用于二，三人称
I knew you would agree.
I thought you would be sleeping.
2）提出请求，建议或看法使语气更加委婉
Would you kindly send me his address? 劳驾把它的地址给我。（请求）
You’d like some tea, wouldn’t you?你喝点茶吧，好吗？（请求）
Would you please lend me your pencil? （请求）
When would be convenient for you to come?你什么时候来方便？（请求）
I’m sure he wouldn’t mind your going.我相信你去他不会在意。(看法)
Wouldn’t be better to leave tomorrow?明天去是不是更好?（建议）
They wouldn’t have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。（看法）
3)在虚拟条件句中（主要用在主句中）
If I were you, I would go.
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed.
4)表过去经常性动作
would
used to 过去常常，而现在不．（可同be连用）
He would sit there for hours sometimes, doing nothing at all.
I used to get up at six.
There used to be a river in the village.
5)表过去的一种倾向（现在用will）
The window wouldn’t open.
The wound wouldn’t heal. 伤口老不愈合．
6)表猜测(想必是…)
That would be his mother. 这大概是他妈.
I thought you have finished this by now.
8.would probably feel
1) possible只有可能性，不管大小
probable多指有较大的可能性
likely
a. It is possible (for sb.) to do
It is possible that (should) do
It is possible (for us) to study English well.
It is possible that we study English well.
b. It is probable that…
It is probable that it will rain today.
不能说: It is possible for him to come.
It’s possible that it will rain, but with such a blue sky it doesn’t seem probable.有可能下雨，但眼下晴空万里不像是下雨的样子。
c. sb./ sth. be likely to do
It is likely that
He is likely to come.
It is likely that he will come.
It is likely that it will rain.
It is likely to rain.
2) a) perhaps & maybe都当“也许”，“可能”解。但maybe一般用于非正式文体，而且主要用于美国英语。在表示“尽可能快地”时，只能使用短语
as soon as maybe=as soon as possible
不能说as soon as perhaps
b) perhaps一般用于句首,不与形式主语连用,后面不接从句,通常只接sb. 或sth.
Perhaps they will help us after all.
Perhaps the letter will come today.
maybe可放句首, 或后接从句
Maybe we’ll see you tomorrow.
I think maybe they don’t want him, he’s so cross.
c) perhaps表示 “或许”, “可能” 是一种推测,相当于maybe, 固不能与may连用,以避免语义重复
Perhaps they will help us.
3) probably不能用在not后
possibly 和can, could连用，起强调作用
---Could you ___ take care of my dog while I’m away? ---Sure. Leave it to me, please. A. perhaps B. possibly C. maybe D. probably (B) (could, can, may, might连用)
9. give up vt.
1) give up sth. 放弃
doing sth. 不再做某事
She gave up her rights .
This maths problem is too difficult. I’ll give it up.
Then he remembered he had given up smoking.
2）give up on sb. 对…不抱希望
I gave up on you; you’ll never know anything about dictionaries.
3)give up sth. to… 交出.让给
We gave him up to the police.
连接: give in vi. 屈服, 让步
give in to
He never gave in to difficulty.
10.There did not seem much point in working on…
There be的一些特殊用法:
1)There be ( live, stand, fly, come, lie) 表存在
Once upon a time, there lived a man known by the name of Joe.
One night there flew over the city a little swallow.
There came a knock at the door.
2)*There seems to be…好像又,似乎有
There seems to be no trouble.
There doesn’t seem to have been any difficulty over the money question.
*There used to be
There used to a cinema here before the war.
*There is sure to be 一定有
There is sure to be a place somewhere.
*There appears to be
There appear to be a war between his heart and his head.
*There have/has to be
Why do there have to be poor people like those?
3)There is no doing没法做某事
There is no knowing/telling…没法知道/说…
There was no knowing how long he might be away.
There was no arguing with Mary.
From now on, there was no looking back. 没发向后看
4)There is no need to do没必要
There is no need for you to worry.
5)There be在分词中的用法
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
There being no buses, we had to walked home.
6)There be再不定式中的用法
I expected there to be no argument about this.
It is impossible for there to be any more.
You wouldn’t want there to be another war.
7)There is no( a lot of ) sense/point/good/ use in doing sth.做某事没有道理(好处/用处)
There is no sense in worrying.
What’s the sense of doing that?
point:道理,作用,用处
There’s very little point in protesting.
There’s no point in arguing future.
11．that long
that用法：adv.那么，那样，这么
I wasn’t that clever.
同so…that …但省略 that
I was that angry I could have struck him .
He was that weak he could hardly stand.
how/so/too/that +a/an +单数可数名词
12. that much worse
修饰比较级的词有: rather, much, still, even, far, any(用于否定和疑问)，no, a lot, a little, a great deal, by far, a bit, three times etc…
修饰最高级的有：序数词，by far,
13. engage
marry
engage
vt. vi.
1)雇用，聘请，租用
They engaged a cook for the summer.
He engaged / rented a room in the hotel.
2)吸引, 引起
The new toy engaged the child’s attention.
engaged adj.
1)(指人)忙的;从事…的; 有事
(be) engaged in n. / doing = be busy in doing/ with n.
Can you come on Monday? No, I’m engaged.
be engaged in politics/ trade从事政治/ 忙于做买卖
2)有事占用;(电话)占线,有人占用
My time is fully engaged with my daily work.
Sorry! The line/number is engaged.
Is this seat engaged/ taken?
3)订婚
be(get) engaged to sb.
John got engaged to her when traveling last winter.
He returned home to learn that his daughter had just got engaged.
marry vt.
1) marry sb.
2) be /get married ( to sb.)
Is he married?
He has been married to Jane for three years
3) marry sb. to sb.
He married his daughter to a doctor.
14.instead of 代替,而不(后接名,代,动名词,介词短语等)
in place of 代替in one’s place
rather than 而不是,与其…宁愿
instead adv.
take the place of
He gave me an English book instead of a Chinese book.
He walked home instead of taking a taxi.
I go to school by bike instead of on foot.
=I don’ t go to school on foot. Instead I go to school by bike.
Use water in place of/ instead of milk.
Will you go in my place / instead of me?
He ran rather than walked / instead of running.
Rather than cause trouble, he left.
Plastics have taken the place of wood.
15.继续
1) go on with n.
doing
to do
keep on doing 反复做
2) continue to do
doing
n. He continued hi s walk.
with
He didn’t continue with his explanation.
To be continued.待续
*继续(处于某种状态) link-v.
The weather continued damp and wet.
He continued silent.
3) carry on doing She carried on talking.
n. They would carry on the struggle for freedom.
with 把…进行下去,继续干
Carry on with your work.
carry on with your plan.
16.stop… from doing
prevent…from
keep …from
hold back… from
17.be /become famous for/as
be well known for / as
be famed for
be noted for a town noted for its beauty
a noted performer
18.make a discovery= discover
make a promise = promise
make a decision = decide
make a suggestion = suggest
make preparations for = prepare for
make repairs = repair
make an answer /reply = answer/ reply
19. since I. prep. 自从…以来
1)接名词/动名词/介词短语（同完成时连用）
I haven’t been home since 1972.
She had been out only once since her illness.
Charles has worked hard since leaving school.
Since my coming to London I have not been well.
He had been there since before the war.
3) It is/has been +一段时间+ since + did
It was + 一段时间 + since + had done
It is / has been five years since I came here. 我来这五年了.（终止性动作表动作延续）
= I have been here for five years.
= I came here five years ago.
It is five years since I smoked. 我不吸烟五年了.（延续性动词表该动作结束 ）
I have smoked for five years. 我吸烟五年。
It was five years since we had such a wonderful time.
*since then
* since when
*ever since从那以后（一直）
I’ve always been on my guard since then.
Since when have you been living in this country?
John caught cold Saturday and has been in bed ever since.
20. please vt. 使高兴，
pleased adj. 高兴（人作主语）
pleasing adj. 使人高兴(物,人作主语)
pleasant adj. 使人高兴，愉快的，招人喜欢，可爱
pleasure n.
1)It is hard to please all.
Do it to please me.
2) be pleased to do
with
that
Helen was pleased to see him.
I’m very much pleased with what he has done.
I’m glad you’ve decided to come.
3)The flowers in the park were pleasing.
She was very pleasing in her appearance.
4) I hope you’ll have a pleasant holiday.
have a pleasant journey
The weather was pleasant.
I found him a very pleasant little man.
I have thought it would be a pleasant place to live.
5)*my/our/a pleasure是我（们）高兴做的事，甭客气
“Thank you to help me.” “My pleasure( It was a pleasure).
*with pleasure高兴地
I will help you with pleasure.
*(用在客气的答语中)没问题,可以
“Could you put me up to-night?” “ With pleasure.”
Will you take this along to the office for me?” “ With pleasure.”
(NMET2002)
1)---I’m very ___ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.
---Mum, it does have a ___ smell. A. pleasant ; pleased B. pleased; pleased C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant
2)---It’s been a wonderful evening. Thank you very much.
---___. A. My pleasure B. I’m glad to hear that C. No, thanks D. It’s Ok
1) pleasant
a.使人高兴的，愉快的
have a pleasant journey
b.招人喜欢的，可爱，和蔼可亲
He is a pleasant young man.
I have thought it would be a pleasant place to live .
2)pleasing使人高兴
The flowers in the garden were pleasing.
3)pleased高兴
be pleased to do
be pleased with 喜欢，满意
be pleased that
4)pleasure n.
*at one’s pleasure
You may go or stay at your pleasure.
*have the pleasure of
=give sb. the pleasure of （客套语）有幸能
May I have the pleasure of dancing with you?
*my (our/a )pleasure
It’s a pleasure.
是我们高兴做的事，甭客气
*Take (a) pleasure in
*with pleasure 1)愉快地，高兴地
I shall do it with pleasure.
2)(客套语)没问题，可以
Will you pass me the newspaper, please? --- With pleasure.
1) 高兴得Her eyes shone with pleasure.
14.keep back留下，隐瞒
21.on the other hand用以引起与上文表达的意见不同的看法,同but & however的意思相同 ,可同on the one hand连用,也可单独使用. “另一方面”
on (the) one hand, on the other hand一方面…另一方面却又
1)On the one hand, I like the colors of the painting, but on the other hand, I don’t like the background of it.一方面,我喜欢这幅画的颜色,另一方面,我不喜欢画的背景.
2)It is not a very nice flat. On the other hand, it’s cheap.这套房子不大好,可是它便宜.
4) Rafting can be exciting, but on the other hand, it can be dangerous sometimes.乘筏漂流令人激动,但另一方面它有时也是危险的.
22.turn out
1）关掉（电灯或煤气）
He turned out the light and followed his wife upstairs.
2) (to be) 结果是,证明是prove to be
It was cloudy this morning, but it turned out fine.
As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.
Though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day.
The examination turned out to be easy.
It turns out that he was never there.
It turns out that this method doesn’t work well.
3)制造,生产,造就
This factory turns out bicycles.
23.find it difficult to understand him…
形式宾语:
1)find + it + adj./ n. + to do/ doing / that
常见的动词有：find/feel/ think/consider/make/take
a. I felt it my duty to report it to the leader.
At first I found it difficult to go on.
All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work.这样吵杂使我无法继续工作.
b. They felt it a waste of time arguing about it.
Do you consider it any good sending more people over?
你觉得再多派一些人去有好处吗?
c. They found it strange that no one would take the money.
I think it a pity that she didn’t show up at the meeting.
I remember I made it quite clear to you that I was not coming.
2) sth.+ be easy/difficult/hard/fit/comfortable +to do
The book is easy to understand.
I bought a book yesterday. I found it easy to understand.
= I found the book easy to understand.
比较: I found it easy to understand the book.
3)在like/love/hate/ appreciate + it +when…结构中,没有宾补不像句型1)
(98) I hate ___ when people talk with their mouth full. A. it B. that C. these D. them
(04) I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. this B. that C. it D. are
I love it when you sing.
24.take measures to do sth.
What measures were taken to prevent fires?
take actions to do
25.I.ruin vt
1)弄坏,毁掉,毁坏,破坏
The storm ruined crops.
The fire ruined the house.
The bad weather ruined our holiday.
ruin one’s health
an ancient ruined city
She poured water all over my painting and ruined it.
2)使倾家荡产
I’m only ruin you. I can’t give you happiness.
n.1)(be ) in ruins 是一片废墟,落空
The house across the street were in ruins.
The town is in ruins.
2)fall into ruin 已成废墟
The house fell into ruin.
II. damage
1) n. harm, loss损害,损失
The storm caused great damage.
The new law has done a lot of damage to the government’s popularity.这条新法律给政府的声望带来很大损失.
cause / do damage to
2)damage vt.损坏
Mind you don’t damage it.
Many of the books were damaged by fire.
III. destroy vt.摧毁，毁掉，消灭
The enney destroyed the city.
The forest was destroyed by fire.
IV. harm
n.1) 损坏(同damage), 伤害（可指人）
He means no harm.他本无恶意.
do harm to
It wouldn’t do him any harm to work a little harder.他工作再努力一些对他没有害处
vt. hurt, spoil, damage伤害,损害,危害
Smoking will harm you.
be harmful to
26．mean v.
1)意思，意味
What does this word mean?
What do you mean by this word? 这个词是什么意思？
What is meant by this word?
What’s the meaning of this word?
2) mean to do 打算做某事
mean doing 意味着
I don’t mean to hurt you.
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
3) had meant to do=mean to have done本打算
I had meant to come earlier.
had meant to do
had wanted to do
had thought to do
The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end. had expected to do
had hoped to do
had intended to do
4) mean a lot to sb. 对…很重要
a great deal
much
mean everything to sb. …是某人的一切
My garden means a great deal to me.
My dog means everything to me.
27. cause v.引起,造成,使发生
1)What ( cause d / made ) you change your mind?
2) make sb. mad
cause X
drive
send
3)cause sb./sth.
cause sth. to sb.
I’m not causing you any real trouble.
4)cause n.1).起因，原因，缘故，理由，根源[c]
着重是指产生某种结果的原因：the cause of
The cause of the fire was dry. 起火的原因是干燥。
The cause of the accident was the fact that he was driving two fast.事故的原因是他开车太快了.
5）reason意思是理由，原因，缘故着重指产生某种行为或想法的理由：
the reason for /why
Give your reason for the plan.把你计划的理由讲一下.
The reason for my lateness is that I missed my bus.
The reason for the flood was all that heavy rain.
理由=reason
There is no cause/reason for alarm.
You have no cause for complaint.
28.satisfy1)使感到满意vt.
the answer won’t satisfy her.
be satisfied with …
I’m not at all satisfied with the present situation.
2)满足：satisfy one’s needs/demand/curiosity
adj. satisfying 使人满意a satisfying meal
29．what if= what will happen if要是…怎么办？假使…怎么办?
What if he doesn’t come? (用一般现在时)
30.be described as
31. believe相信,认为
1) believe (that)
I believe you’ll regret leaving London.
She believe what I said.
2) believe sb. / sth.
You can ask Mr Smith if you believe me.
Mother could hardly believe her eyes.
3) believe sb./ sth. to be/ to have done
I believe him to be innocent.
I believe him to have done it.
I believe it to have been a mistake.
They are believed to have discussed this problem.
4) “Will everything be finished tomorrow?” “Yes, I believe so.(No, I believe not.)
5) What do you believe he is?
What do you believe is he? X
Do you believe what he is? X
Do you know what he is?
Do you know what is he? X
What do you know he is? X
6) believe in信仰,相信
Christians believe in Jesus.
I don’t believe in the theory.
You can’t believe in him.
7) believe in doing主张,认为…是好的
I’ve always believe in being broad-minded.
He believed in the child being taught on the translation method.
32. the other way around
33.only by …
34. have something in common
35. come up with