New words:
1.content-n. the ideas of a book, paper etc. 内容；目录； 要旨
I like the style of this book, but I don’t like the content. （内容）
Before buying a book, I look at the table of the contents. （目录）
adj.
1）satisfied; happy 满足的；满意的
a)be content to do
be (well) content with
John seems content just to sit in front of the television all night.
约翰似乎整夜坐在电视机前就满足了。
She is not content with the explanation.(不满意)
b)be satisfied with 对。。。感到满意
You’ve done well at school. I’m very satisfied with you.
I’m not at all satisfied with the present situation.
c）be pleased with 满意
I ’m very pleased with what he has done.
We are very pleased with our new house.
d) be happy with 满意的satisfied because one thinks that sth is being done in the right way
He wasn’t happy with her work and he made her do it again.
vt.使满足：
1）content
Simple praise is enough to content him.
*content oneself with 使对。。。满足，满足于
He contented himself with that work.
He contented himself with one glass of wine.
We should never content ourselves with book knowledge only.
There is no contenting some people. 有些人是很难满足的。
There is no doing …没法做某事
There is no stopping him. 没法阻止他。
2）meet one’s need/ demands/ expectation
satisfy
Does the hotel meet your expectation?
The new book meets our needs.
2.access – n.
1)[c]means of entering; way to; entrance 进入；通路
The access / entrance/ passage / way / solution / attitude / key/ visit to
The only access to their house is along a narrow road.
2)[u]means or right of using, reaching, or entering 使用，接近或进入的方法或权利（机会）：
Students need easy access to books.学生需要得到图书的方便途径。
3.rural ---adj.乡村的；农村的like the countryside
people living in the rural areas
countryside
country
urban---of a town or city 都市的；城市的
urban life
suburb---n.(通常pl) an outer area of a town or city, usu. Where people live rather than work 郊区
I live in the suburbs.
3.responsibility-n.
1)责任，义务 [u]
take responsibility for 对。。。承担责任
take on responsibility 承担责任
have a responsibility/ responsibilities for/towards 对。。。有责任
Parents take most of the responsibility for the children.
I take fully responsibility for breaking the window.我对打破窗户负全责。
I take fully responsibility for this action.
Parents have responsibility for their children.
2）职责[c]，责任心
The mother of a family has many responsibilities.做孩子的妈妈要尽多方面的责任。
responsible-adj.
1）be responsible (to sb.) for sth./sb.对某事/某人（向。。。）负责
I am responsible to the director for making sure that the company is profitable.我对董事负责，保证公司赚钱。
She is my child. I’m responsible for her.
Who is responsible to the parents for the education of children?
2）be in charge of 负责
I’ll be in charge of the whole factory next week when the director’s away.
be in the charge of 由。。。负责
The factory is in the charge of Mr. Smith.
3)answer for= be/ become responsible for对。。。负责，承担。。。后果；受惩罚
I’ll answer for his safety.
You will have to answer for your violent behavior in court.
对你在法庭上的粗暴行为，你必须承担一切后果。
4.take action
take measures / take a step
We have to take action before it is too late.我们必须采取行动，否则就太晚了。
The government has promised to take measures to help the unemployment. 政府已经答应采取措施来帮助失业者。
5. willingness ---n 愿意，心甘情愿 willingly –adv.
be willing to
be ready to
be content to
be prepared to do=愿意的
be glad/happy/ pleased to do sth.
I shall be well content to do so.
Mary seems content to sit in front of the television all night. 乐意
My grandparents are content to live quietly in the countryside.
I’m not prepared to listen to your weak excuses. 站不住脚的
She’s always ready to help others.
6.harmony-n. 协调，和谐[u]
The harmony of sea and sky makes a beautiful picture.
She had a sense of harmony.
There can be no harmony between two selfish people.
*in harmony 和谐， 和睦
Bob and I work together in harmony for years.
My cat and dog never fight---they live together in perfect harmony.我的猫和狗从来不打架，它们和睦相处。
*in harmony with 和。。。一致
His tastes are in harmony with mine.
7. put an end to结束（不好的事），制止
We must put an end to this foolish behavior.
come to an end结束
The meeting came to an end at last.
come to… end有。。。的结局
If you don’t give up, you’ll come to a bad end.
make (both) ends meet使收支相抵
come to a stop
The car came to a stop at last.
8.wipe away 擦掉；清除掉
Wipe away your tears.
wipe (…) off
Wipe the dirt off your shoes.
She wiped off the dust.
wipe on 在。。。上面擦
He wiped his dirty hands on a rag.
9.per-a/an / for each
Our charge for the work will be $6 per hour/ an hour.
10.alternative- adj.两者（或以上）择一的，供选择的
We returned by an alternative road.我们是从另一条路回来的。
They are alternative ways of expression the same idea.
n.抉择；可供选择的方案
They are several alternatives to your plan.
除了你的计划，另有几种选择方案。
There is no alternative but to fight.
I had no alternative but to walk out.
改错：There is no alternative but wait. (to wait)
The only alternative is coffee and tea. (and -- or)
You have the alternative of going and staying. (and – or)
你可在去留之间选择。
You have the alternative of coffee, tea, or milk. (有of 用 or)
你可在咖啡，茶或牛奶中任选其一。
The alternatives are coffee, tea and milk. （没有of用and）
可供选择的是咖啡，茶叶和牛奶。
11.defend –v. 1) vt.
a) defend… against/ from 保护。。。使不受：
defend sb. from harm
We defended ourselves against a surprise attack.
She defended her children from the mad dog.
b) protect… from/against 保护；保卫
He raised his arm to protect his face from the blow. 他抬起胳膊挡住向他脸部打来的一拳。
She protected the children from every danger. 她保护孩子们免遭任何危害
c) guard …from/ against 防卫；警卫；保护（使不受损害）
The wall guards the place from the thieves.
The dog guarded the house ( against strangers).
狗守护着房子（防止生人进入）。
Wear a hat to guard your face against the sun.
guard against 防止
2)辩护；答辩 vt.为。。。辩护
I have no intention defending myself to you.
That lawyer is defending Mr. Smith.
12.1)affect vt.
2)have an effect on
effect-v. produce 产生
She effected several changes in the company.她使公司发生了几个变化。
3)influence sb./sth.
sb. to do sth.
have an influence over sb.
1)Smoking affects health.
2)Smoking has a bad effect on him.
3)Don’t let me influence your decision.
What influenced you to do it?
He has a strange influence over the girl.
13.advise
suggest
recommend
give advice
I advised her that she should wait.
I advise waiting till the right time.
I recommend you to buy this dictionary.
Let me give you a piece of advice.
Text:
1.
Text:
1.share ideas交换意见
compare notes
2.1)since then/ since when 同完成时连用
I have not been much in that country since then.
Since when have you been living in this country?
2）ever since从那以后（一直）（同完成时连用）
John fell off his house a week ago and has been in bed (ever) since.
2)It is + 一段时间 + since + did
It’s a long time since I met you last.
It’s just a week since we arrived here.
3)表过去某事前一段时间情况，时态有以下几种类型：
a）主句从句谓语都用完成时态：
Two weeks had passed since Mary had seen him.
b)主句谓语用一般过去时，从句谓语用过去完成时：
It was years since I had seen her.
c)主句谓语用完成时,从句用一般过去时：
Since she came to me, we had been very happy.
4)在。。。之后，后来
He was sick last week but has since recovered.
Her husband died ten years age, but she’s since married.。。。后来又结婚了。
3.1)or 即；也就是；用于补充说明上文内容。
The company is paying the rent or at least contributing to it.公司在付房租，或者至少再付一部分房租。
That is (to say),
namely
Only one people can do the job, namely you.
2)or (else) 否则
He had to have a job or go hungry.
Hurry up or else you’ll be late.
3)or rather 更确切的说
He arrived late last night or rather in the early hours this
morning.
4)or so 大约；左右（放在量词后）= more or less
I want a hundred or so.
Mr. Smith will be back in a week or so.
about/ around/ some （放在前）
5)or something (somewhere)大概是…这类东西（在…这类地方）
He’s an engineer or something.
I put it in the cupboard or somewhere.
4. without doing 再没发生。。。的情况下
They left the school in a hurry , without saying goodbye to anyone.
He locked the door without making a sound.
*do without /go without 没有。。。也可以；对付
People cannot do without food.
I don’t have enough money to buy a car, so I’ll just have to do without one.
I’m afraid there’s no coffee, so we’ll just have to go without (it).
If I can’t find it, I shall have to do without it.
5.20% of the people on earth do not have access to clean drinking water.世界上20%的人口喝不上清洁的饮用水。
access to 进入；接近
The dead-only street was the only access to her home.那个死胡同是通往她家的唯一的路。
Access to the mountain-town is often difficult because of the bad roads. 由于路况不好，进入山城往往很难。
6.alone-adv.只有；仅仅
He alone is not responsible for it.
Money alone cannot make you happy.
（all） alone 单独一人（放在动词后）
I had to work all alone.
She likes to go it alone in everything.她凡事都喜欢一个人干.
7.If we are to
be+ to do sth. 安排；命令；职责；义务；目的；用途；可能性；命中注定：
We are to meet at the school gate.
You are to be back by 10 o’clock.
The prize is to honor him for his great discovery, 奖品是为了表彰他的重大发现。
A knife is to cut with.刀是用来切割的。
They were never to meet again. 它们注定以后永远再也见不着面了。
8.do whatever one can= do what one can= do all that one can
9.Without international cooperation, developing countries cannot prosper, nor will sustainable development be possible.
倒装：nor; neither, not, hardly, seldom, never
Never have I met him before.
Seldom have we seen such big melons.
Hardly had she entered the house when she heard the dog barking.
10.Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.
Only in this way can you work out the maths problem.
Only when Tom returns this afternoon will the meeting begin.
11.Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.
倒装：
1)Jack didn’t understand why his mother was angry with him until she told him everything.(陈述句)
2)Not until his mother told him everything did Jack understand why she was angry with him. （倒装句）
3)It was not until his mother told him everything that Jack understood why she was angry with him.（强调句）
12.A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.更好地了解环境情况是必要的，意愿行动也是必要的。
as= so
He is a patriot, as are his brothers.他是个爱国者，他的兄弟们也是一样。
He believed, as did his family, that you were telling the truth.
13.in harmony with (与。。。)和睦相处
反义：out of harmony with
The goal, he says, is to live in harmony with the world around us. 他说目标是与我们周围和谐相处。
He soon found himself in harmony with his new co-worker.
14.put an end to 结束；制止
We must put an end to this foolish behavior.
The chief task of the moment is to put an end to the terrible pollution in the rivers.当务之急是制止河流的严重污染。
15.There is a chance (that)…
1）chance 可能性[c;u]
There is a chance that…有可能发生某事
There is a good chance that I’ll finish the work tomorrow.
There is a chance that the sick child will get well.
There is just a chance that he’ll help you.
同义词：possibility 可能性（多作不可数名词，有时可加a）
用法：
a) There is a possibility of doing…
There is a possibility of his coming for Christmas.
I don’t think there is any possibility of your getting away before midday tomorrow.
b)There is a possibility that…
There is a possibility that the train may be late.
There’s always the possibility that he won’t come.
2)chance机会 [c; u] 同义词 opportunity
Chance/ opportunity to do
of doing
I had the chance / opportunity of visiting Paris.
I had no chance/ opportunity to see him.
I wish I’d had your chances / opportunities!
I don’t get many chances to talk to him these days.
The train was so full that we had little chance to compare notes.
There was no chance of his getting scholarships.