【知识网络】
一、重点词汇与短语
1．由up and down 想到的
英文中有很多类似up and down （上上下下）的表达，学会这些表达对灵活应用语言有很大的帮助，下面列举一些常见的例子：
again and again 一次又一次
here and there 处处，到处
back and forth 前前后后
to and fro 来来回回
day and night 日日夜夜
black and blue 青一块紫一块
now and then 偶尔，时时
high and low 到处
in and out 时进时出
young and old 不论老少
（in）twos and threes 三三两两
（at）sixes and sevens 乱七八糟
2．make作使役动词用法
make作使役动词时, 后面可以接不带to的动词不定式, 过去分词, 名词或形容词作复合宾语。 用法如下:
（1）. make sb do sth结构.
例如:
I made him come.
我让他来的.
He was made to come.
有人让他来.
[注意]make后接不带to的动词不定式作补语, 但变为被动时, 转换为带to的不定式, 类似的有let和have
（2）. “make +宾语+过去分词”, 其中宾语往往是主语所对应的oneself或one’s….
例如:
I can’t make myself understood.
我表达不清楚我的意思.
She tried to make her voice heard.
他尽量让别人听到她的说话声.
（3）“make +宾语+形容词”, 表示 “使……”.
例如:
They’ve made their hometown rich.
他们使他们的家乡富有起来了 .
The Internet also makes it easier for companies to keep in touch with customers and companies in other countries.
互联网使公司与国外客户之间的联系和交往越来越简单.
（4）“make +宾语+名词”, 表示 “使……成为”.
例如：
In 1849, Marx went to England and make London the base for his revolutionary work .
1849年, 马克思去了英国, 并将伦敦作为他革命工作的根据地.
3．英语中复合形容词的作用及构成
（1）复合形容词主要用来作定语, 通常作前置定语, 即要放在被修饰词的前面.
例如:
He is a good-looking actor.
他是一位帅气的男演员.
（2）复合形容词的构成.
A．“数词+名词”.
例如:
ten-speed bicycle 十速自行车
1000-metre race 1000米赛跑
B． “名词+形容词”.
例如:
world-famous expert世界著名的专家
duty-free product免税产品
energy-efficient节能的
C．“名词+现在分词”.
例如:
peace-loving people热爱和平的人们
energy-saving节能的
English-speaking countries说英语的国家
D．“名词+过去分词”.
例如:
man-made projects人造工程
state-owned factory国有工厂
E．“形容词+名词”.
例如:
new-world新大陆的
the Mid-autumn Festival中秋节
F．“形容词+现在分词”.
例如:
ordinary-looking actor相貌平平的演员
easy-going classmate好说话的同学
G．“形容词+过去分词”.
例如:
new-found house新近找到的房子
ready-make clothes现成的衣服
warm-hearted girl热心肠的女孩
cold-blooded creature冷血动物
H．“数词+名词+ed”.
例如：
three-legged table三条腿的桌子
four-eyed fish四只眼的鱼
J． “数词+名词+形容词”.
例如:
five-year-old boy五岁的男孩
14-metre-deep hole14米深的洞
K．“副词+现在分词”.
例如:
far-reaching significance深远的意义
hard-working mother勤劳的母亲
L．“副词+过去分词”
例如:
well-educated gentleman受过良好教育的绅士
well-prepared准备好了的
strongly-built boxer 体格健壮的拳击手
[注意]当复合形容词中含有可数名词时, 这个名词只能用单数.
二、词义辨析
1．辨析 worthwhile, worth, worthy
请研读下列句子,注意黑体词的意义和用法：
2．We had a long wait, but it was worthwhile because we got the tickets.
3．It’s well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.
4．The novel is worth reading.
5．That piece of land is worth 500,000.
6．That’s a performance worthy to be remembered.
7．The newly-built museum is worthy of being visited once again.
[解析]1. 我们等了很长时间, 但这是值得的,因为我们总算买到票了。（worthwhile adj.“值得花时间/精力/金钱的”）
2．很值得花一番功夫去学会怎么做这件事。（worth adj. 多用作表语,“值得．．．”）
3．这本小说值得一看。（worth 常构成搭配 be worth doing）
4．那块地值50万英镑。（worth prep. 其后可接名词、代词作介词宾语。）
5．那是一场值得怀念的演出。（worthy adj.“值得．．．的；配得上．．．的；应．．．的”）
6． 新建的那家博物馆值得再去看看。（worthy 常构成搭配：be worthy of being done；be worthy to be done）
2．strength, force, energy和power的区别
这四个词都表示 “力”的意思.
（1）strength表示 “力”的意思. 通常指固有的潜在力量. 就人而言, 着重指力气; 就物而言着重指强度, 潜力等.
例如:
He lifted the huge stone with all his strength.
他使尽全身力气举起那块石头.
Let’s test the strength of the little bridge by walking on it.
咱们在小桥上走一走, 试试它的强度.
（2）force主要指自然界的力量, 暴力, 势力, 说服力, 压制力, 法律, 道德或感情的力量, 军事力量等. 总之, 它是活动过程中的力量.
例如:
If you drop something, the force of gravity will pull it to the floor.
如果你仍下一样东西, 地心引力就把它吸引到地板上.
Religion and politics are powerful forces in society.
宗教与政治是社会上的强大势力.
The police had to use force when they took him to the police station.
当警察带他到警察局时, 他们不得不用武力.
（3）energy主要指 “人的精力; 自然界的力量”.
例如:
Electrical energy raises and lowers elevators.
电能使电梯升降.
Old as he is, he has so much energy that he can work 14 hours a day.
尽管年纪大, 他有足够的精力, 每天工作14小时.
（4）power主要指做一件事所需要的能力, 功能, 人或机器等事物的潜在能量.
例如:
Knowledge is power.
知识就是力量.
The masses have boundless creative power.
人民群众有无限的创造力.
Water power creates electric power.
水力能产生电力
三、重点句型
1．If we learn to welcome change and appreciate what is new and different, we will be well-prepared for whatever the future may have in store. 如果我们学会迎接变化, 学会欣赏新的不同的东西, 我们就能有准备地迎接未来给我们带来的一切
what is new and different是名词性从句, 在句中作宾语. 如:
He is so young that he cannot tell what is right and what is wrong.
be well-prepared for “为……作好准备”, 通常表示一种状态.
We are well-prepared for the coming examination.
2．For example, if you use a telephone that transforms a person’s voice into ones or zeroes, as a digital phone does, you still think that the voice you hear is “real”, don’t you? 例如, 如果你使用一部把人的声音转换成数字的电话, 就像数字电话那样, 你仍然会认为你听到的声音是真实的, 是吗?
as a digital phone does “就像数字电话那样”, 此时as引出的是一方式状语从句, 从句还可以用倒装.
如:
She plays the piano, as does her mother.
3．I have written before that this country has high hills, whose tops spread out into green and moist fields upon which great numbers of sheep are fed. 我以前写过一本书, 书中写道: 那个国家有高山, 山顶绵延到翠绿, 潮湿的田野, 上面养着大量的羊.
Whose tops引导出一个定语从句. “whose +n”引导定语从句, whose可指人, 也可指物. 指物时, 亦可换用 “the +n. +of which”或 “of which the +n.”.
如:
The house ______was damaged has now been repaired.
upon which引出的也是一个定语从句, upon与前面的fields有搭配关系.
如:
He lost his bicycle on which he often went to school.
四、语法复习
名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句，以及同位语从句，在复合句中分别作主句的主语、宾语、表语，以及同位语。
1．主语从句：在复合句中作主句的主语。引导主语从句的词有从属连词that, whether以及连接代词who, whom, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever和连接副词where, when, why, how等。
如：
That she was ill made us very worried.
Where we should go for our holiday has not been decided yet.
有时为了使句子结构平衡, 避免“头重脚轻”，常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在后面。这样就构成了以下一些句型：
（1）It is+ adj./n. +从句
It is unlikely that he will come tonight.
It is a pity that we didn’t go to the 28th Olympic Games.
（2）It+不及物动词+从句
It seems that he doesn’t like the house at all.
It happened that I know the president of the company.
（3）It+ be+过去分词+从句
It is reported that over 200 people were killed in the fire.
It was said that nobody could work out that problem.
2．宾语从句：在复合句中做句子的宾语。引导宾语从句的词有从属连词that, if或whether，连接代词who, whom, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever和连接副词where, when, why, how等。
如：
I don’t think (that) he is fit for the job.
They are careful about what they eat.
It is hard for us to imagine where all these advanced technologies will lead us.
有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免“头重脚轻”，常用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句放在后面。
I don’t think it a good decision that he be given this job since he has no experience at all.
特别提示：宾语从句的引导词that可以省略，但如果有两个以上由that引导的宾语从句，则一般不省略that。另外，宾语从句中如果有“or not”，则不能用 “ if”，只能用 “whether”。
如：
Conferences like the Earth Summit help people understand that there exist serious problems and that there is still time to take action.
Nobody knows whether his dream will come true or not.
3．标语从句：在复合句中作句子的表语。引导表语从句的词有从属连词that, whether以及连接代词who, whom, what, which和连接副词where, when, why, how等。
如：
The fact is that I know nothing about it.
The problem is how we can raise so much money.
My question is who will get the position.
4． 同位语从句：在复合句中作句子的同位语。 引导同位语从句的词有从属连词that, whether以及连接代词who, whom, what, which和连接副词where, when, why, how等。
如:
What to you think of my idea that we go to Qing dao for our summer holiday this year?
Everyone was excited at the news that China won the bid for the 28th Olympic Games.
Scientists have not found answers to the question how life began on earth.
有时that从句可与先行词分开。
如：
The fact remains that he doesn’t believe me at all.
特别提示：主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句的引导词that只起引导词作用，不作名词性从句的成分，且不能省略。其他引导词则既起引导词的作用又充当从句的某一成分。
【考点透视 考例精析】
[考点] even though/ even if 用作连词，“尽管，即使”，引导让步状语从句。
[考例1] Allow children the space to voice their opinions, _________ they are different from your own.
A．until B．even if C．unless D．as though
[点拨] until “直到…”,引导时间状语从句；even if “即使，尽管”，引导让步状语从句；unless “如果不，除非”，引导条件状语从句；as though/ as if “似乎，仿佛”，引导方式状语从句。分析前后两句之间的关系，这里要选B。
[拓展1] 注意even though 和even so 的区别：even though/ even if 用作连词，“尽管，即使”，引导让步状语从句；even so 用做副词，意思是“尽管这样/那样；即便如此”。
[考例2] Your uncle seems to be a good driver; _________, I wouldn’t dare to travel in his car.
A．even so B．even though C．therefore D．so
[点拨] 选A。分析句子结构，这里要用副词even so。
[拓展2] 对连词的考查，是高考考查的重点之一。要正确的选择连词，除了了解常用连词的意义和用法外，关键在于正确分析前后句之间的关系。
[考例3] I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early _______ I can have time for a cup of coffee.
A．as soon as B．as a result C．in case D．so that
[点拨] 选D。后句“我有时间喝杯咖啡”是前句“我想提前20分钟到”的目的。so that “以便，为了”，引导目的状语。
[考例4] They wanted to charge $5,000 for the car, ________ we managed to bring the price down.
A．but B．so C．when D．since
[点拨] 选A。 前后句之间意思转折，我们选表转折意义的连词but。
【基础演练】
一、根据所给首字母或括号中的汉语意思填写句子空格中所缺的单词。
1．G ______ is the study of the countries of the world and of the seas, rivers, towns, etc. on the earth’s surface.
2．Salary for teachers in China has increased by an a ______ of 10%
3．We are familiar with such c ______ as bags, bottles, boxes and so on.
4．Shanxi is rich in e ______power, which ensures the supply of electricity for Beijing, Tianjin and some other places.
5．Don’t discuss the problems together; each should be dealt with s ______
6．The forest covers an area of 1,5000 s ______ kilometers.
7．The rose is a beautiful flower with a p ______smell.
8．We had no c ______ but to accept their decision.
9．We close out shop at m ______, that is, we have our shop open till 12o’clock in the night.
10．The children were still wide a ______. They were not at all sleepy.
二、单项填空
1．The test ______a number of multiple choice questions.
A．consists of B．lies in C．makes of D．takes in
2．She can’t ______her husband making fun of her.
A．allow B．bear C．agree D．suffer
3．Many companies and consumers have already begun reforming the way ______they do business.
A．how B．of which C．in that D．不填
4．Thanks to the invention of the mobile phone, people can now keep in ______with each other quite easily
A．relation B．union C．touch D．connection
5．______you’ll have a greater chance of finding a suitable job if you have done some part-time jobs
A．Generally B．Especially C．Mainly D．Surprisingly
6．Do island nations have advantages ______other countries?
A．with B．over C．upon D．from
7．The murderer tried to run away from the prison but he ______getting arrested by the police.
A．ended up B．broke up C．started up D．cut up
8．A warm thought suddenly came to me I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday．[06 安徽卷]
A．if B．when C．that D．which
9．We have only a short holiday, so let’s ______the most of it and try to enjoy ourselves.
A．get B．take C．make D．have
10．He came up with a new ______to the problem at yesterday’s meeting.
A．way B．method C．means D．approach
【能力拓展】
完形填空:
Mars is not, it seems, the dry old planet we once believed (1 ) . Astronauts who are (2) to go there in the next decade may find plenty (3) water to slake (消除) their thirst. And with water present the (4) of finding some sort of life of Mars are (5) brighter.
This is the view of forty geologists who have been analyzing (6) of pictures and other scientific (7) obtained by robot explorers in the sixties and seventies.
To begin with, scientists thought the Red planet was as (8) as the Moon (9) dust storms swirling over vast sandy (10) . But now the picture is very different (11) mountains and valleys carved by (12) glaciers and rivers rushing and rumbling deep underground.
In a report on the analysis of the Martian pictures Dr. Michael Car of the U. S. Geological Survey comments: “I am convinced (13) lots of water on Mars.” Any surface water will be in the (14) of ice. But it could save explorers from (15) to take so much (16) with them.
The report says (17) Mars probably had a warmer climate in ages (18) due to its axis (轴) having been more tilted (倾斜) towards the sun.
(19) signs of plant or animal life have been detected by instruments landed on Mars, (20) the landing vehicles have been sent there for a few years.
1． A．it is B．it C．it to be D．was
2． A．expected B．hoped C．required D．sent
3． A．to B．of C．more D．in
4． A．chances B．openings C．occasions D．possibility
5． A．quite B．very C．much D．more
6． A．a few B．many C．thousand D．thousands
7． A．skills B．news C．intelligence D．information
8． A．peaceful B．quiet C．lifeless D．dead
9． A．of B．with C．for D．through
10． A．deserts B．mountains C．rivers D．seas
11． A．from B．between C．for D．with
12． A．energetic B．great C．heavy D．powerful
13． A．there’s B．there’re C．here’s D．here’re
14． A．appearance B．way C．form D．shape
15． A．have B．having C．carry D．carrying
16．A．water B．ice C．equipment D．oxygen
17．A．what B．if C．how D．that
18． A．pass B．past C．ago D．before
19． A．Not B． No C．Nor D．Never
20． A．probably B．perhaps C．supposed D．although
参考答案
高二部分
Units 5-6 (B2)
基础演练
一、 1．Geography 2．average 3．containers 4．electrical 5．separately 6．square
7．pleasant 8．choice 9．midnight 10．awake
二、1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．C 9 ．C 10．D
能力拓展
1-5 CABAC 6-10 DDCBA 11-15 DDACB 16-20 ADBBD
1．C 根据新的资料显示，火星似乎并不像我们过去认为的那么干燥。it代替前面的专有名词Mars; to be 为不定式的省略式，其后面省略了dry。 不定式的省略式通常省略to后面的成分，但后面为to be结构时，就要保留be而省略其后面的成分。
2．A expect somebody to do something表示“期待某人做某事”。这里用其被动语态形式：be expected to do sth. 。表示“某人被期待做某事。”
3．B 此句的“plenty of=a lot of”为固定词组，意思是“大量；许多；充足”。
4．A 本句的意思是“由于水的发现，在火星上面找到某种生命形式的机会就变得更加明朗了”。
5. C 此处的much用来修饰比较级，其它选项都不能修饰比较级。
6. D thousands of用复数形式表示不确定的数字，此处意思是“数以千计的 ”，后接复数名词；a few of后接“限定词+复数名词”，意思是“某（固定）范围内的一些”；many of 后接“限定词+复数名词”，意思是“某（固定范围）内的许多”。
7． D 指的是“在六七十年代探测器获得的其他科学信息(information)。”
8． C 此句的意思是“刚开始的时候，科学家认为这颗红色的行星象月球一样没有生命（lifeless）。”
9． B 此处为“with + 名词 / 代词 + 不定式、分词、形容词、副词、介词短语等 ”构成的复合结构作状语。
10．A 此句意思是“沙暴（dust storms）在广袤的沙漠（deserts）上旋转。”
11．D 注意此题的关键是要搞清它不是be different from结构，因为此结构后的名词前要用限定词，而该空后面的名词前无限定词，故可排除。此空与第44空一样，为“with复合结构”作状语。
12．D 这里用powerful形容冰河对山谷冲刷的威力巨大。
13．A 此句用的是“there be”结构，其后面的名词water(即主语)为不可数名词，故谓语动词be用单数形式。
14．C 词组“in the form of”的意思是“以……形式”。此句意思是“任何表面上的水将以冰的形式存在。”
15．B from为介词，后面接动词的-ing形式，故可排除A和C两个选项；本空为have to 结构，意思是“必须；不得不”，所以其后接动词原形。
16．A 此句的意思是“水的存在使探险者们不用随身携带大量的水。”
17．D 此句意思是“报告说由于火星的轴在过去的岁月中更倾斜地面对太阳，那时火星的天气，可能比现在暖和”。此处that引导一个宾语从句，其本身在宾语从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何词汇意义，仅起连接的作用。
18．B “in ages past”表示“在过去的岁月中”。
19．B no为形容词，等于“not a / not any”, 表示“没有”，后接名词; 而not的后面一般接动词、形容词或从句等成分。
20．D although 引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管 …，但是 …。”