【知识网络】
一、重点词汇与短语
1．lack
（1）lack表示 “缺乏; 欠缺”之意时可作及物与不及物动词.作不及物动词时常与介词for连用.
例如:
I don’t seem to lack anything.
我好像什么也不缺.
They lacked for nothing.
他们什么都不缺.
（2）作为一个不及物动词, 用于 “缺乏或缺少”之意的lack, 主要和in一起用于现在分词.
例如:
You will not be lacking in support from me.
你会得到我的帮助.
（3）lack作名词表示 “欠缺; 不足; 没有”时, 常为不可数名词, 后接介词of.
例如:
He cannot do the work for lack of skill.
由于缺乏技术, 他不能做这项工作.
（4）lack作名词表示 “缺少的东西; 需要的东西”时, 常为可数名词.
例如:
There has been a lack of rain and the ground is very dry.
此地缺少雨水, 地面非常干燥.
（5）习语: for (by, from, through) lack of因缺乏……
lack in在……缺少/不足
no lack of不缺乏; 很多.
supply the lack补缺
（6）同义词: need n需要
反义词: presence n存在
2．英语中的 “同源宾语”现象
英语中有少数不及物动词后面能跟一个特定的名词作宾语. 这个名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的. 这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语.
（1）常见的能带同源宾语的动词有: live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run 等.
例如:
Under the leadership of the Party, the peasants are living a happy life.
在党的领导下., 农民过着幸福的生活.
I dreamed a terrible dream last night.
昨晚, 我做了一个噩梦.
Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August.
去年八月份, 我们的战士在与洪水作斗争时, 打了一个漂亮仗.
（2）同源宾语前面可带形容词作定语. 这时, “动词+定语+同源宾语”的结构在意义上相当于 “动词+与定语意义相同的状语”. 二者相比, 前者语气更强一些.
例如:
We slept a comfortable sleep last night. =We slept comfortably last night.
昨晚我睡得很舒服
Professor Smith died a sudden death last Wednesday. =Professor Smith died suddenly last
Wednesday.
史密斯教授上星期突然去世了.
[注意]同源宾语前通常带有不定冠词.
例如:
fight a good fight; breathe a deep breath; laugh a foolish laugh; smile a forced smile.
（3）同源宾语的修饰语是形容词最高级或含有最高级意义时, 该同源宾语常常可以省去.
例如:
You should run your fastest (race).
你应该尽快地跑
The old man breathed his last (breath)this morning.
那位老人今天早晨停止呼吸, 撒手西去了.
二、词义辨析
1．英语中via, by way of, through三个词都可以表示 “经过; 经由;”, 区别如下:
2．（1）via这个词的词义是 “经过; 取道” (by way of). 常与travel, shipping等词连用.
例如:
Mr Wang is on his way to Hangzhou via Shanghai
王先生在经由上海前往杭州途中.
[注意]A. 美国人也常将其用于表示通过某种运送手段或交通工具的意思, 相当于by.
例如:
You are going via car or railroad?
你打算乘汽车还是坐火车去.
这种用法在美国用于正式的场合.
例如:
Via Air Mail (航空邮递; 英国人则用By Air Mail).
B．此外, 美国人还把via作为 “用”的意思使用; 相当于by means of.
例如:
An American officer pleaded vainly with him via radio to turn back.
一个美国军官用无线电向他恳求要他回来; 但没有结果.
（2）by way of等于via, 意思也是 “经由; 经过”(using a route through), 二者常可以互换.
例如:
He went to Hangzhou by way of Shanghai,
他经由上海前往杭州.
By way of其他常用的意思如下:
A．表示 “当作”, 相当于as. 例如:
Fred was employed by way of experiment
弗雷斯是作为试用而雇佣的.
B．表示 “作为, 为了”, 即for the purpose of, with the intention of..
例如:
We make inquiries by way of learning the facts of the case.
我们为了了解事情的真相而进行探询.
I called on him by way of returning compliments.
作为回访, 我拜访了他.
C．表示 “有……的习惯”, 即in the habit of…..
例如:
The Greens were by way of luring me away from my duty.
格林一家惯于引诱我离开职守.
（3）through的意思是 “通过”, 在乘坐火车, 轮船且全线不换车船时用.
例如:
He went to Hangzhou through Shanghai.
他途径上海直达杭州
3．proper, fit suitable和appropriate的区别
这几个词语都有 “合适的; 恰当的”意思.
（1）fit是常用词, 指 “能适合某些条件, 环境, 目的 或要求的”, 有 “吻合的”含义.
例如:
The dress is not fit to wear.
这衣服不适合穿.
（2）suitable指 “符合某时或某一环境下的要求或需要的”.
例如:
The shoes are suitable to travel.
这鞋适于旅游.
（3）proper指 “正当的; 正确的”.
例如:
Fill in the blanks with proper words.
用适当的词填空.
（4）appropriate指 “恰如其分的”, 比fit和suitable有更强的正面意义.
例如:
His quotation from Shakespeare is appropriate.
他引用沙士比亚的话恰如其分的.
三、重点句型
1．If we were to get hurt trying to save someone, we would not be able to help. 如果我们在试图救某人时受了伤, 我们就不能帮助别人了.
get hurt意为 “受伤”. “get+过去分词” 是一种被动语态形式, 强调动作.
如:
Our team got beaten by the visitors.
trying to save someone是现在分词作时间状语, 相当于when we were trying to save someone. 现在分词作时间状语通常放在句首, 但也可放在句末.
如:
He got knocked down by a car crossing the main street.
2．Seconds count in an emergency, and knowing what to do can mean the difference between life and death. 在紧急情况下, 每秒钟都是重要的, 懂得应做些什么可能意味着生死之差别.
knowing what to do 是动名词短语作主语.
又如:
Being short of money led to the failure of the plan.
3．“If I were to live long enough to have a job, I would choose to be a doctor, helping these ALDS patients,” Xiaohua says. 小华说: “如果我能活到参加工作, 我要选择医生这个职业, 帮助这些艾滋病患者.”
I were to live是虚拟语气. 在虚拟语气中, 不管主语是第几人称, be动词一般都要用were.
If I were you, I would accept his offer.
helping是现在分词作状语, 表示补充说明.
如:
He wrote me a letter, encouraging me to study hard.
【考点透视 考例精析】
[考例1] ―― Why did you leave that position?
―― I _______ a better position at IBM.
A．offer B．offered C．am offered D．was offered
[点拨] 选D．offer sb. sth 的被动语态形式。
[考点] 过去分词短语作定语。
[考例2] The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well _______.
A．to spend B．spent C．being spent D．spending
[点拨] 选B。spend和money是动宾关系，这里要用过去分词作定语。
[考点] 动词不定式作状语，表示目的。
[考例3] _______ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789.
A．To find out B．Finding out C．Find out D．Having found out
[点拨] 选A。动词不定式作目的状语。To find out more about university course表示拨打这个电话的目的。
[考点] 动词不定式作定语。
【基础演练】
一、根据所给首字母或括号中的汉语意思填写句子空格中所缺的单词。
1．Do you know how many ______ (竞赛者) went to Barcelona for the 25th Summer Olympics in 1992?
2．Does Radio Beijing ______(播送) news every day?
3．They are ______ (量) the speed of the passing cars.
4．Abraham Lincoln was ______(认为) as one of the greatest of all the American presidents.
5．As a ______ (结果), they saved ninety percent of the trees.
6．You don’t need any thing ______ (特别的), do you?
7．I ______ (想知道) if it is going to rain tomorrow.
8．He ______ (更喜欢) walking to riding.
9．The little girl has already learned more than two hundred Chinese______ (汉字).
10．His English was so ______ (有限的) that he could not understand what the native speakers said.
二、选项填空
1．Runners for the Olympic Games have to ______before and after the race.
A．get test B．get testing C．get tested D．get to test
2．This computer doesn’t work properly, because a certain virus has ______the operating system.
A．broken up B．broken down C．broken out D．broken away
3．Out defeat was due to a lack ______experience.
A．in B．for C．of D．to
4． ______with foreign countries can bring us much information about the world.
A．Collection B．Competition C．Contact D．Consumer
5．–Why is the university doing so much building?
A．The; have increased B．A; have increased
C．The; has increased C．A; has increased
6．–You don’t like football, do you?
--_______, I like it very much.
A．Not at all B．On the contrary C．Next to never D．On all sides
7．Many new ______will be opened up in the future for those with a university education.
A．opportunities B．necessities C．realities D．possibilities
8．I along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ．
[06 安徽卷]
A．went; was occurring B．went; occurred
C．was going; occurred D．was going; had occurred
9．They have put the bird in a cage to ______it from flying away.
A．prevent B．avoid C．defend D．hold
10．If I ______your advice, I ______so much trouble.
A．had taken; would not have met B．took; would not have met
C．have taken; would not meet D．take; will not have met
【能力拓展】
With the advent of fast food chains from the West such as McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut, the Chinese are being introduced to a diet that markedly increases the death rate from certain diseases in any population.
The main killers in North America, the degenerative diseases such as heart attack and stroke as well as colon cancer, will become a way of death, not death, not life, in this country if the Chinese do not act quickly and compete with these health destroying food chains.
Scientific studies from all over the world show that a diet high in animal foods such as pork, beef, including sugar, white flour, white noodles and even white rice, undermines one’s health. Deposits of animal fat cling to the walls of arteries, blocking the blood supply to various organs.
This causes diseases in almost every organ, but in particular it damages two of the most vital ones, the heart and brain.
Compare these problems with the excellent health one may enjoy if one consumes good Chinese food. The cook goes out every day, procures great-tasting, fresh vegetables, then cooks them for just a few minutes so that their nutritional value is preserved and afterwards serves them in a most artistic and elegant fashion. Please cling to your traditional ways of eating. They are far superior to those of the West.
Certainly the fast food chains make lots of money, but who wants to fill the pockets of a foreign food chain that proceeds to ruin the health of the Chinese people?
Another reason Western fast food restaurants make money is that the food they serve, which comes from assembly lines, will not attract bugs or spoil easily.
How the Chinese could patronize these fast food places when Chinese cook such delectable food, not just in this country but over the entire world, is beyond my comprehension.
Western restaurants are clean and tastefully decorated. Moreover, these restaurants also do indeed have “good service and an inviting dining atmosphere”. However, Chinese food chains could do likewise if they would organize themselves as the Western chains do.
These lessons in management and décor are the only ones worth learning from the invasion of this country by the Western fast food chains. In other words only imitate the style of the restaurants, not the content of the food or the menus in any way, shape or form.
Do not let the desire for money destroy the wonderful tradition that China has established in producing absolutely fantastically tasty as well as healthful food.
1．The following are fast food chains from the West except ___________
A．McDonald’s B．Kentucky Fried Chicken
C．Pizza Hut D．Chinese food
2．A diet high in animal foods and refined foods will cause diseases, particularly damage ___________
A．the heart and brain B． the walls of arteries
C．all organs D．the blood
3．The underlined word “undermines” in the 3rd paragraph may have the similar meaning with “ ” .
A．improves B．damages C．affects D．strengthen
4．What will be worth learning from the Western fast food chains?
A．The content of the food.
B．The menus.
C．The lessons in management and decoration.
D．Shape or form of the food.
5．In the passage, the author thinks _________
A．Chinese should learn everything from Western fast food restaurants.
B．Chinese should say no to Western fast food.
C．Western fast food restaurants offer healthy diets.
D．Chinese food don’t contain enough nutrition.
参考答案
高二部分
Units 7-8 （B2）
基础演练
一、1．competitors 2．broadcast 3．measuring 4．considered 5．result 6． Special 7．wonder 8．prefers 9．characters 10．limited
二、1.C 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.A 10.A
能力拓展
1-5 DABCB
1．D 细节题。CHINESE FOOD 不属于西方快餐连锁店。
2．A 细节题。相关信息句在第四段： This causes disease in almost every organ, but in particular it damages two of the most vital ones, the heart and brain.
3．B 猜词义。根据情景,这里undermines 是 “破坏”的意思。
4．C 主旨大意题。文章倒数二段： These lessons in management and décor are the only ones worth learning from the invasion of this country by the Western fast food chains. 说明了西方快餐店值得学习的地方：管理及店面的装饰。
5．B 推断作者的观点：全文讲述西方快餐食品并不是健康食品, 由此我们应该能推断出作者的观点。