Unit 1 Friendship
(Direct & Indirect Speech(Ⅰ) statements & questions)
Aims
To discover useful words and expressions
To discover useful structures
Procedures
I. Warming up
Warming up by discovering useful words and expressions
Language chunks from Unit 1 Friendship
add up, get sth. done, calm sb. Down， have got to, go on holiday, talk care of, walk the dog, get loose, pay for sth, cheat in the exam, should have done, someone else’s, laugh at, go through, hide away, set down, a series of, a hiding place, I wonder if…, grow/be/become crazy about, could have done, keep sb.spellbound, keep doing, stay awake, on purpose, in order to, by oneself, far too much, it was(is) the first time that…, face to face, feel lonely/sit alone, save one’s life, be concerned about, with so many clothes on, have trouble with sb, at the moment, get along (well) with sb./ sth, enjoy doing, be/become/make friends with, be/fall in love (with), try sth. out on sb. ask for advice, give sb. some advice on…, make an effort to do sth., join in sth., show one’s interest in, far and wide, pay attention to, look to one’s own concern, share one’s thoughts and feelings with sb, come to a conclusion, be prepared to do sth., a heart-to-heart talk, hurt one’s feelings, change one’s mind, live in peace, go on a picnic, get away with, feel at home, in need
Turn to page 4 and do Exercises 1, 2, 3 and 4 first. Then check your answers with your class partner.
II. Learning about grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech
1.Direct Speech
In direct speech, the original speaker's exact words are given and are indicated by quotation marks.
★ “I don’t know what to do,” said Dean.
In some grammar books, ‘said Dean’ is referred to as a reporting clause. “I don't know what to do,” is referred to as the reported clause.
2. Indirect Speech
In indirect speech, the exact meaning of the speaker’s words is given, but the exact words are not directly quoted.
★ Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
To convert direct speech into indirect speech:
If the main verb is past tense, present tense verbs in ‘that clause’ must also be changed to past tense.
Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
First and second person pronouns must be changed to third person pronouns.
Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
(The word ‘that’ can often be left out: Dean said he didn’t know what to do.)
3. Indirect Questions
Direct question: “Did Marama’s horse win a prize?” Owen asked.
Indirect questions: Owen asked whether (or if) Marama’s horse had won a prize.
The same rules apply to indirect questions as to indirect statements. The difference is that a wh- clause is used instead of a that clause.
Direct question: “Why won’t you marry me?” asked Donald.
Indirect question: Donald asked her why she wouldn’t marry him.
In telling a story or recounting events, a speaker using direct speech has all the resources of intonation to produce a lively account. Because indirect speech is always speech reported by someone else, the account is more reserved and restrained.
“What shall we do?” asked Bev.
“Don’t worry, Bev,” said Duncan, “I’ve got a plan.”
Bev asked Duncan what they should do. He told her not to worry and that he had got a plan.
The ability to change direct speech into indirect speech is a useful skill for those engaged in taking the minutes of a meeting or reporting on events.
Direct speech: “First of all, I would like to thank everybody who helped with the fair. The results were very good, and we will now be able to buy two more computers.”
Indirect speech: The principal said that he would like to thank everybody who had helped with the fair. He announced that the results were very good and that the school would now be able to buy two more computers.
III. Discovering words and expressions
Do exercises 1, 2, 3 and 4 on page 4 and 5. Check your work with your partner’s.
IV. Discovering structures
Do exercise 1 and 2. Check your work with your partner’s.
Grammar
Direct and Indirect Speech
1.转述他人的陈述→陈述句
2.转述他人的疑问→一般疑问句
3.转述他人的问题→特殊疑问句
1) He said , “I’m going to Beijing.”→ He said that he was going to Beijing.
2) He asked, “Are you a teacher?”→ He asked me if /whether I was a doctor.
3) She said , “What are you doing?”→ She asked me what I was doing.
一、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化
1.陈述句
用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直接用引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall. ” → He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday. ”
→ He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.
解题步骤:
“I don’t like computers,” Sarah said to her friends.
Sarah said to her friends that I don’t like computers .
she didn’t
Sarah said to her friends that she didn’t like computers.
.2.一般疑问句
间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等)，语序是陈述句的语序
He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”
→He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.
He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”
→He asked whether I was interested in English.
解题步骤:
Is it easy to improve the condition of the soil?
( They asked him ) “It is easy to improve the condition of the soil.”
They asked him if it is easy to improve the condition of the soil
was
They asked him if it was easy to improve the condition of the soil.
3.特殊疑问句
原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask(sb. )来表达，语序改为陈述句语序
He said to me，“What's your name?” → He asked me what my name was.
He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”
→He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.
解题步骤：
When do you harvest the wheat ?
( They asked him ) you harvest the wheat
They asked him When you harvest the wheat.
He harvested
They asked him when he harvested the wheat.
4.选择疑问句
用whether…or…表达，而不用if…or…，也不用either…or…
He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”
→He asked me whether I spoke English or French.
I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”
→I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.
二、在直接引语变为间接引语时需要注意的变化
1. 注意时态的变化 Direct indirect
Present past
Past past and past perfect
Present perfect past perfect
Past perfect past perfect
2. 注意人称变化。
3. 注意指示代词的变化this, these(that, those)
4. 注意时间的变化 now, today,this week ,yesterday,last week ,four days ago ,the day before yesterday ,tomorrow ,next month(then, that day,that week,the day before ,the week before,four days before ,two days before ,the next day,the next month)
5. 注意地点的变化 here( there)
6. 注意个别趋向动词的变化 come, bring (go, take)
三、谓语动词时态变化需要注意几点：
1.直接引语表述的是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变
The geography teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”
The geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
2. 如果直接引语所表述的内容在目前和说话时同样有效，变间接引语时，时态可不变
The children said, “We love this game.”
They told us that they love that game.
3.主句谓语动词的时态是现在时态，在引述时，时态不变。
She says, “I’ll never forget the days in the country.”
She says that she’ll never forget the days in the country.
从句时态无须改变的还有以下情况:
1. 当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候
2. 当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时
3. 当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时
4. 当引语是谚语、格言时
5. 当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时
Exercises:
1. He said , “I m afraid I can’t finish this work.”
2.He said , “I haven’t heard from him since May.”
3.Tom said “I will see you next week.”
4. “Why were you late again?” The teacher said to me.
5. “I don’t like swimming,” said Sarah.
6. His friends asked him if he would go to Dalian.
7. “Have you been to Paris?” My classmate asked me.
高考链接
1.Readers can ________ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.
A. get over B. get in
C. get along D. get through
2.It’s hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
3.Father went to his doctor for _______ about his heart trouble.
A. an advice B. advice
C. advices D. the advices
4. I wonder how he ____ that to the teacher.
A. dare to say B. dare saying
C. not dare say D. dared say