Unit 2 Fit for life
教学目标：1.知识与技能
了解并掌握重点词汇的含义和用法，学习动词短语的用法，练习用英语为广播节目写一个发言稿，培养英语语言的综合运用能力。
2. 学习策略
围绕医学这一话题，学习有关医学和中医的知识，了解与其有关的英语词汇和常用句式，增加文化背景知识。
3. 情感态度与价值观
通过对医学，与其是中医知识的了解，激发学生的爱国热情，培养学生勇于探索的意识和精神，更积极地投入到战胜疾病的活动中，使学生的身心得到健康发展。
Reading -----Two life-saving medicines
I. Summary of the text.
Main idea of the passage The history and the uses of two life-saving medicines: aspirin and penicillin.
Main idea of Part 1(paragraph 1) A simple introduction of the two medicines.
Main idea of Part 2(paragraph 2--3) The history and uses of aspirin.
Main idea of Part 3(paragraph 4--5) The history and uses of penicillin.
II: Read the article again and fill in the form below.
Effects of aspirin 1. reduce fever
2. help stop body pains
3. reduce the risk of heart attacks
4. prevent a stroke
5. reduce the risk of colon cancer
6. increase the length of people’s lives ;help people
with diabetes
Effects of penicillin 1. help in treating wounds and infections
2. treat other illnesses including pneumonia
III: Language points:
1. If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find aspirin and penicillin. (L.2)
倘若你打开世界上任何一个药柜,都很可能找到阿司匹林和青霉素。
①open up phrasal verb 1) to show sth. that was hidden or not previously known:
The debate could open up sharp differences between the countries.
这次辩论能够揭露这些国家之间的明显差异.
2) to make a space larger or less enclosed:
We're going to open up our kitchen by knocking down a couple of walls.
我们打算把墙壁推倒来扩大我们的厨房.
3) to start to talk more about yourself and your feelings:
I've never opened up to anyone like I do to you.
我从来没有对任何人象对你一样地敞开心扉.
②probability n. [C or U] the likelihood of sth. happening or being true:
What is the probability of winning? 获胜的可能性有多大?
There's a high/strong probability (that) (= It is very likely that) she'll be here.
很可能她会来这儿.
probable adj. likely to be true or likely to happen:
The probable cause of death was heart failure. 死亡的可能原因是心脏病.
[+ that] It is probable that share prices will fall still further. 他很可能会来.
注意比较：
probable: adj. 很可能的，与likely意思相近，有时可以互换；
possible的语气稍弱。他们各自的句型如下：
It’s probable/possible for sb. to do sth.
It’s probable/possible that…
It’s likely that…
sb./sth. is likely to do sth.
2. … but in fact, 3,500 years ago, some recipes recommended drinking a tea made from the dried leaves of a particular plant to reduce body pains. (L.7)
但事实上,早在3,500年前就有一些药方建议人们饮用一种由特殊植物的干叶制成的茶来减轻身体的病痛。
①recommend v. [T] to suggest that someone or sth. would be good or suitable for a particular job or purpose, or to suggest that a particular action should be done:
She has been recommended for promotion. 她已经被推荐提升了.
[+ (that)] The doctor recommended (that) I take more exercise.
医生建议我进行更多的锻炼 .
[+ ing form of verb] I recommend writing your feelings down on paper.
我建议你把自己的感觉写在纸上.
recommended adj.
It is dangerous to take more than the recommended dose of this medicine.
服用超过这种药的建议量是很危险的.
recommendation n.
I got the job on his recommendation 在他的举荐下我得到了这份工作.
[+ that] The report makes the recommendation that no more prisons should be built.
这份报告建议不要再建造监狱.
② make…from…
to produce sth., often using a particular substance or material:
Butter is made out of/from milk.. 黄油是用牛奶做的.
相关短语:
make…of…/be made of…
Earrings are made of gold 耳环是金子做的.
make…into…/be made from
Wood can be made into tables. 木头可以制成桌子.
make up/be made up of…
Eleven players make up the football team. 11个队员组成了这支足球队.
The football team is made up of eleven players. 这支足球队是由11个队员组成的.
3. The first trials of this medicine took place in 1899 when the company Hoffmann worked for began giving the medicine in power form to physicians to use with patients. (L.13)
1899年, 该药品第一次进行实验, 当时, 霍夫曼供职的公司开始将该药以粉末形式提供给医师, 让他们用于病人。
①trial n. [C or U] 1) a test, usually over a limited period of time, to discover how effective or suitable sth. or someone is:
They've employed her for a six-month trial (period).
他们雇佣她已经有6个月的试用期了.
Ｔhis new method is on trial. 这个新方法正在试用．
② in…form=in the form of…
The lawn was laid out in the form of the figure eight.
这块草坪是以八这个数字的形式设计的.
in any shape or form: of any type:
I'm opposed to war in any shape or form. 我反对任何形式的战争.
4. A year later, in 1900, aspirin was sold in shops as a tablet containing 500 milligrams of ASA. (L.16) 一年以后，阿司匹林被制成片剂在药店出售，每片含有200毫克的乙酰水杨酸。
contain v. [T not continuous] to have sth. inside or include sth. as a part:
How much liquid do you think this bottle contains? 你认为这个瓶子里装有多少水?
Try to avoid foods which contain a lot of fat. 尽量不要吃含有很多脂肪的食物. .
注意比较:
include v. [T] to contain sth. as a part of sth. else, or to make sth. part of sth. else:
The book contains 40 maps, including a map of China.
The bill includes tax and service.
Tax and service are included in the bill. 帐单包括税收和服务.
5. Lawrence Craven, a doctor from the USA, is the author of several published reports, one of which introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin could reduce the risk of heart attacks by thinning blood. (L.24) 美国的一位医生劳伦斯.克雷文发表了好几篇报告，其中1953年的一篇报告提出了阿司匹林可以稀释血液。
thin 1)adj. (thinner, thinnest) having a small distance between two opposite sides:
a thin book 一本薄书
2) adj. (thinner, thinnest) (of the body) with little flesh on the bones:
Thin, hungry dogs roamed the streets. 又瘦又饿的狗在街上游荡.
3) adj. (thinner, thinnest) (of a liquid) flowing easily:
a thin soup 稀汤
4) v. [T] to make a substance less thick, often by adding a liquid to it:
thin wine with water 用水冲淡酒
6. … and in 1977, a study carried out in the USA showed that the chemical ASA in aspirin could prevent a stroke, which is a type of serious illness when blood vessels in the brain burst suddenly or are blocked. (L.26) 1977年，美国的一项研究证明，阿司匹林中的化学物质乙酰水杨酸能预防中风。中风是由于大脑血管爆裂或梗塞而产生的一种突发疾病。
7. In 1999, aspirin was 100 years old and yet there have been more discoveries on how it can help increase the length of people’s lives. (L.30)
到1999年，阿司匹林已有100年的历史，然而关于它如何帮助延长人类寿命方面还有更多的发现。
length n. 1) [C or U] the measurement of sth. from end to end or along its longest side:
The boat is ten metres in length. 这艘船长10米.
2) [C] a piece of sth. such as string or pipe:
a length of rope 一段绳子
3) [C] the amount of time sth. takes:
the length of a film/speech/play 一部电影/一篇讲话/一部戏剧的长短
keep sb. at arm's length
to not allow someone to become too friendly with you:
I always had the feeling she was keeping me at arm's length.
我一直感觉她避免我和她亲近.
at length
1) for a long time:
George went on at great length about his various illnesses.
2) FORMAL If sth. happens at length, it happens after a long period of time:
At length, they allowed her to go home. 终于他们允许她回家了.
8. He noted that mould would grow had grown on a special transparent jelly that had bacteria on it. (L.38) 他注意到，带有细菌的一种特殊的，透明的果子冻上长起了霉。
9. It was not until World War II that two other scientists managed to use new chemical techniques to purify it. (L.46)
直到二战另外两个科学家才设法使用新的化学方法来净化它。
It was not until that… 这是一个not… until…结构的强调句型。
强调句型的结构为：It is/was +被强调部分+that…
高考链接
1. It was not until she got home _______ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys. (2006全国II)
A. when B. that C. where D. before
2. It was after he got what he had desired _______ he realized it was not so important. (2006辽宁)
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案：1-2 B A
10. They were able to produce it in large quantities. (L.48) 他们能够大量地生产它。
quantity n. [C or U] the amount or number of sth., especially that can be measured or is fixed:
Police found a large/small quantity of drugs in his possession.
警察发现他拥有大量的毒品．
We consumed vast quantities of food and drink that night.
那天晚上我们消费了大量的食物和饮料．
For reference
表示“许多”的词或短语如下：
(1) 修饰可数名词的：many, a great/good many, quite a few, a large/great number of/numbers of, many a
(2) 修饰不可数名词的：much, a great deal of, a large amount of/large amounts of
(3) 既可以修饰可数又可以修饰不可数名词的：a lot of/lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of/large quantities of, a mass of, masses of
高考链接
We always keep _______ spare paper, in case we ran out. (2006浙江)
A. too much B. a number C. plenty of D. a good many
答案：C
11. If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from bacterial illnesses or even minor wounds. (L.52)
如果没有青霉素，很多人会死于由细菌引起的疾病。
available adj. able to be obtained, used, or reached:
Is this dress available in a larger size? 这件礼服有大点尺寸的吗？
die v. [I] (dying, died, died) to stop living or existing, either suddenly or slowly:
Twelve people died in the accident. __________________________
She died of/from hunger/cancer/a heart attack/her injuries. ______________________
die相关短语: die from： 死于（外因）die of： 死于（疾病，饥饿，严寒等内因）
die away： （声音等的）消逝 die down： （火势，怒气等的）平息
die out： （风俗习惯，物种等的）灭绝，消失 die off： 相继死去直至死光
die for：为…而死；渴望得到…
For example:
The sound of his footsteps gradually died away. 他的脚步声渐渐地消失了．
It was several minutes before the applause died down. 几分钟后掌声才平息下来．
Dinosaurs died out millions of years ago. 恐龙是数百万年前灭绝的．
It's a custom which is beginning to die out. 这是一个开始消失的风俗．
His parents died off within a year. 他的父母在一年内相继去世．
I am dying for/to have a drink. 我口渴得要命．
12. In 1945, all the three scientists, Fleming, Florey and Chain, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work, and penicillin rapidly became the powerful ‘wonder drug’ which saved millions of lives. (L57)
由于弗莱明, 弗洛里和钱恩的贡献, 1945年他们共同获得诺贝尔奖的生理学或医药学奖, 而青霉素因挽救了数百万人的生命, 很快成为一种强大的“神奇药品”。
13. It was fundamental to saving many thousands of lives and is one of the most important medicines of contemporary society. (P21)
它对于拯救许多人的性命是很重要的,并且它是当代社会最重要的药物之一.
Grammar and usage
------------ Phrasal verbs
动词常与其他词类（多是副词和介词）搭配在一起，构成固定词组，称之为动词短语。 一般动词短语可以分为以下几类：
1．动词+介词
这一结构的动词短语相当于一个及物动词，这类短语动词的宾语比较固定，均放在介词之后。例如：
Whether we will go climbing depends on the weather. 我们会不会去爬山要看天气。
He is searching for his glasses. 他在找眼镜。
2．动词+副词
这类短语动词有的可以用作及物动词，有的用作不及物动词。动词短语的宾语是名词时，可置于动词短语之后，亦可置于动词短语中间；但若宾语是代词时，只能置于动词和副词之间。例如：
Wipe the dirt out on your shoes, please. / Wipe out the dirt on your shoes, please.
请擦掉你鞋上的脏东西。
There is dirt on your shoes. Wipe it out. 你的鞋上有脏东西，请擦掉。
3． 动词+副词+介词
这类机构中，介词的宾语不能置于介词之前，eg. be fed up with 厌倦 ；catch up with 赶上; go on with 与------相处; hold on to 坚持.
4. 动词+名词+ 介词
常见短语有: take care of 照顾，照料; make room for 给…腾地方; make friends with
与…交朋友; play a joke on 戏弄某人; have a look at 看一看; say goodbye to 告辞等
5．动词+形容词（包括相当于形容词的过去分词）+介词
这类动词短语相当于及物动词。例如：
He wondered whether the newcomer was worthy of trust.他不知道那个新来的是否值得信任。
I was deeply upset about it.。那件事情我厌烦透了。
常见短语有: be late for 迟到 be angry with 生气 be busy with 忙于
be short for 是…的简称 be interested in 对…感兴趣 be famous for 因…而著名
be good at 擅长 be different from 与…不同 be good/bad for 对…有益/害
6. 动词+反身代词+介词
常见短语有: help oneself to 随便吃 give oneself to 热心于 occupy oneself with 忙于
enjoy oneself 玩得开心 dress oneself in 穿着 devote oneself to 专心,致力于,献身
I: Exercises: choose the best answer:
★ 1. There were a lot of people standing at the door and the small girl couldn’t get ____. (06全国) A. between B. through C. across D. beyond
2. I was still sleeping when the fire ____, and then it spread quickly.
A. broke out B. put out C. came out D. got out (06广东)
★ 3. Most of us know we should cut down on fat, but knowing such things isn’t much help when it ____ shopping and eating. (06天津)
A. refers to B. speaks of C. focuses on D. comes to
4. ---How are you managing to do your work without an assistant?
---Well, I ____ somehow. (06重庆)
A. get along B. come on C. watch out D. set off
5. It’s already 10 o’clock. I wonder how it ___ that she was two hours late on such a short trip. (06湖北)
A. came over B. came out C. came about D. came
6. For all these years, I have been working for others. I’m hoping I’ll ____my own business someday. (06江西)
A. turn up B. fix up C. set up D. make up
7. She ____ Japanese when she was in Japan. Now she can speak it freely. (06福建)
A. picked out B. made out C. made up D. picked up
★ 8. ---The boss said we had only three days to finish the work.
---Don’t worry. We have already ____ two thirds of it. (06四川)
A. got down B. got through C. given in D. given away
9. The building around the corner caught fire last night. The police are now _____ the matter. (06湖北)
A. seeing through B. working out C. looking into D. watching over
★ 10. As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village ____ scenes of my childhood. (06湖北)
A. called up B. called for C. called on D. called in
11. Although the wind has ____, the rain remains steady, so you still need a raincoat. (06湖北)
A. turned up B. gone back C. died down D. blown out
12. We’re trying to ring you back, Bryan, but we think we ___ your number incorrectly. (06浙江)
A. looked up B. took down C. worked out D. brought about
★ 13. ---Four dollars a pair? I think it’s a bit too much. (06安徽)
---If you buy three pairs, the price for each will ___ to three fifty.
A. come down B. take down C. turn over D. go over
14. With no one to ____ in such a frightening situation, she felt very helpless. (06陕西)
A. turn to B. turn on C. turn off D. turn over
★ 15. After he retired from office, Rogers ___ painting for a while, but soon lost interest. (06山东)
A. took up B. saved up C. kept up D. drew up
16. The computer system _____ suddenly while he was searching information on the Internet. (06辽宁)
A. broke down B. broke out C. broke up D. broke in
17. It is certain that he will ____ his business to his son when he gets old.
A. take over B. think over C. hand over D. go over
★ 18. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite ____ as planned.
A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up
★ 19. It’s ten years since the scientist ____ on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical.
A. made for B. set out C. took off D. turned up
20. ---____for the glass!
---It’s OK. I’m wearing shoes.
A. Look out B. Walk out C. Go out D. Set out
★ 21. Could you please tell me where you bought the shoes you ____ yesterday?
A. tried on B. put on C. had on D. pulled on
★ 22. He accidentally ____ he had quarreled with his wife and that he hadn’t been home for a couple of weeks.
A. let out B. took care C. made sure D. made out
23. We have to ____ the wheat as soon as possible because a storm is on the way.
A. get away B. get across C. get through D. get in
24. Once a decision has been made, all of us should ____ it.
A. direct to B. stick to C. lead to D. refer to
★ 25. The final examination is coming up soon. It’s time for us to ___ our studies.
A. get down to B. get out C. get back for D. get over
★ 26. In some western countries, demand for graduates from MBA courses has ____.
A. turned down B. turned over C. fallen down D. fallen over
27. The forest guards often find campfires that have not been ____ completely.
A. turned down B. put out C. put away D. turned over
★ 28. It’s the present situation in poor areas that ___ much higher spending on education and training.
A. answers for B. provides for C. calls for D. plans for
★ 29. His idea of having weekly family meals together, which seemed difficult at first, has ___ many good changes in their lives.
A. got through B. resulted from C. turned into D. brought about
30. John is leaving for London tomorrow and I will ____ him ____ at the airport.
A. send…away B. leave…off C. see…off D. show…around
(Keys: BADAC CDBCA CBAAA ACBBA CADBA CBCDC )
Project-----Magic needles: Chinese acupuncture
Fast reading
1. Scan the text and find which of the topics is not mentioned: history, past uses, current uses, acceptance in the West, benefits and disadvantages.
( The disadvantages of Chinese acupuncture are not mentioned. )
2. What medical problems can acupuncture treat?
(Bad pains, headaches, injuries, stomach problems, blood pressure problems, addiction to cigarettes, drugs, alcohol and food (overeating). )
3. How does acupuncture reduce or relieve pain?
( It is unclear now. One theory suggests that acupuncture blocks pain signals from reaching the spinal cord or brain. Another theory suggests acupuncture promotes the production of chemicals in the body which reduces pain.)
4. How does an acupuncturist examine a patient?
(First ask the patient’s medical history and lifestyle. And then look at the color of the patient’s skin and tongue, listen to his breathing and check his pulses.)
5.. How many pulses are there and what are they connected with?
( There’re twelve different pulses, six on each wrist. Every one is connected with a major body organ or function of an organ.)
6. Why will an acupuncturist check pulses?
(This will help him/her find out which energy channel doesn’t have enough energy.)
Useful Phrases
Reading:
1.focus on 2. open up
3.be made from 4. reduce body pains
5. in powder form 6.be sold as a tablet
7.thin blood 8.the best-selling painkiller
9. try out 10. in large quantities
11. due to 12. come true
13.die from 14, turn into
15.have an influence on 16. throughout the world
Project :
1.magic needles=Chinese acupuncture 2.the Stone Age
3.make hole on swollen areas of the body 4.be replaced by
5.take one’s place 6. let out
7.at certain points on the body 8. check one’s pulse
9. energy channel
10.treat addictions to cigarettes/ drugs/ alcohol ---
11.Chinese traditional herbal medicine
12.promote the production of chemicals in the body which reduce pain