湖南省隆回县第一中学 罗玉南
动词的过去分词用法灵活，应用广泛，在高考试卷中，单项填空、完形填空、短文改错等诸多题型都设置了对动词过去分词的考查。本文主要讨论它的句法功能在高考单项填空中的应用。
一、过去分词作定语
动词过去分词表示的意义是被动的和完成的，单个的分词作定语常常放在被修饰词的前面，而分词短语作定语时，通常置于被修饰词的后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。且分词所表示的动作与其所修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
1．Most of the artists ____________ to the party were from South Africa．［MET90］
A．invited B．to invite鶦．being invited鶧．had been invited
【简析】句中的most of the artists与invited之间是被动关系，故应选用过去分词，相当于who were invited，答案为A。
2．The computer centre，____________ last year，is very popular among the students in this school．［NMET93］
A．open鶥．opening鶦．having opened鶧．opened
【简析】根据句中的last year可知the computer centre去年就开业了，表示完成的动作；而且open与the computer centre又存在被动关系，句意为：去年开办的计算机中心在这所学校里受到学生们的欢迎。答案为D。
3．The first textbooks ____________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century．［NMET94］
A．having written鶥．to be written鶦．being written D．written
【简析】根据语境，我们应选D，因为written既表示被动又表示完成的动作。A不能作后置定语，B是不定式的被动语态，表示将来的动作，C表示正在进行的动作，均不合题意。
4．The Olympic Games，____________ in 776 BC，did not include women players until 1912．［NMET97］
A．first playing B．to be first played鶦．first played鶧．to be first playing
【简析】根据题意可知，the Olympic Games与play之间是被动关系，因此可以排除A和D，另外B表示将来的动作，也应排除，故答案为C。它可还原成一个非限制性定语从句：which was first played in 776 BC。
二、过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语时，它常与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。作条件、原因、时间状语时，分词短语常位于句首；作伴随、方式、结果状语时，分词短语常位于句末。
5．____________ more attention，the trees could have grown better．［MET90］
A．Given B．To give鶦．Giving D．Having given
【简析】句子主语the trees与give之间是被动关系，故答案选A，过去分词短语Given more attention作条件状语，放于句首。
6．____________ in thought，he almost ran into the car in front of him．［NMET96］
A．Losing鶥．Having lost鶦．Lost D．To lose
【简析】be lost in thought为固定搭配，意为“陷入沉思”，因此答案选C。过去分词短语 Lost in thought与句子主语he构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且在句中作原因状语。
注意：过去分词作状语时，有时可以与一些连词连用，如：when, while, if, until, once等，这实际上是过去分词在省略句中的应用。
7．The research is so designed that once ____________ nothing can be done to change it．［NMET2002］鶤．begins鶥．having begun C．beginning D．begun
【简析】答案为D。once begun在句中作条件状语，它是状语从句once it is begun的省略形式，句意为：这项调查研究事先计划的如此完好，以致于一旦开始，什么也无法改变它。
8．Generally speaking, ______according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (2003’上海)
A. when taking鶥. when taken鶦. when to take鶧. when to be taken
【简析】完整的说法应是when the drug is taken according to the directions,…由于主句的主语和从句的主语相同，因此可以省略从句的主语the drug和谓语的一部分is,答案为B。当然也可以省去when。
三、过去分词作表语
过去分词及过去分词短语作表语时，分词所表示的动作与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系；而现在分词及其短语作表语时，分词所表示的动作与句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
9．Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____________ by the hour．［NMET98］
A．pay鶥．paying鶦．paid鶧．to pay
10．As we joined the big crowd I got ____________ from my friends．［NMET2001］
A．separated鶥．spared鶦．lost鶧．missed
【简析】第8题答案为C，过去分词paid作系动词get的表语，类似的用法还有：get married，get beaten，get excited，get caught in等。同样，第9题答案为A，句意为：当我们走进人群中时，我和朋友们分开了。
过去分词作表语时，应注意它和现在分词的区别：现在分词常常表示特征，意为“令人……”，而过去分词则表示状态，意为“（某人）感到……”。如：
11．I used to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time，but now I am interesting in football．［NMET97短文改错］［答案］将interesting改为interested。
四、过去分词作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语时，常见的句式有：
1．使役动词或感官动词(have, make, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等)＋宾语＋过去分词。如：
Yesterday I had my bicycle repaired．
The teacher spoke so slowly so that he could make himself understood．
On my way back home, I heard my name called．
另外，have还有“遭受、遭遇”的意思。如：
Yesterday she had her wallet stolen when she was doing shopping．
12．The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself ____________ ．［MET91］
A．hear B．to hear鶦．hearing D．heard
【简析】make oneself heard为固定结构，意为“使自己的声音被别人听到”，再如make oneself understood表示“把自己的意思表达清楚”，故答案为D。
13．-Good morning．Can I help you？-I'd like to have this package __________，madam．［MET89］鶤．be weighed B．to be weighed C．to weigh D．weighed
【简析】have sth．done是固定结构，意为“让别人去做某事”或“让某事被别人完成”，该题表示“我想让别人称这个包裹”，因此答案为D，过去分词weighed作this package的宾语补足语。
2．某些动词（keep, leave, get, find）＋宾语＋过去分词。如：
If I get further information, I’ll keep you informed．
When I came into the classroom, I found it cleared．
3．介词with＋宾语＋过去分词。如：
The child was crying with the glass broken．
With all the work finished, they hurried back home for lunch．
14．The murderer was brought in，with his hands ____________ behind his back．［MET90］
A．being tied B．having tied鶦．to be tied D．tied
【简析】在with复合结构中，hands与tie之间含有被动关系，因此首先排除B，另外此处tied不但表示被动，还可以表示完成，因此A、C又可排除，故答案为D。
15．The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____________ the next year．［NMET2000］
A．carry out鶥．carrying out鶦．carried out D．to carry out
【简析】该题句式结构较为复杂，首先，先行词the plan后跟一个由that引导的定语从句；在定语从句中，关系代词that替代the plan，又充当动词see的宾语，因此该空处于宾语补足语的位置；另外，the plan与carry out之间是动宾关系，故答案为C，构成see sth．done结构。
五、过去分词作独立成分
16．____________ the general state of his health，it may take him a while to recover from the operation．［NMET2000春季高考］
A．Given B．To give鶦．Giving鶧．Having given
【简析】此题答案为A。此处given是介词，意为“假设，如果，考虑到”，句意为“鉴于他的健康状况，手术后康复还需要一段时间”。另外，given作为这一含义时，还可作连词，后接从句。如：
It seemed bad-tempered to send him away，given that he only wanted to take photographs．
六、情感动词的分词用法
形容词化的分词一直备受高考的关注，尤其是表心理情感的动词用V-ing形式，还是用V-ed形式，历年都考，其用法请见下表： V-ing 作定语和表语，形式为 sth.+V-ing\V-ing+n. 使\令人感到......鶹-ed作定语和表语，形式为sb.+V-ed\V-ed+n. 某人感到......
注：1北硎拘睦砬楦械亩词在教材中多次出现。如 satisfy，please，move，delight，inspire，touch，disappoint，discourage，tire，frighten，excite，interest，surprise等都可以加上适当的分词形式来表示不同的意义。一般来说，V-ing形式有主动意义，是指事物影响到人；V-ed形式有被动意义，是指受了某事物的影响。如：
excited children高兴的孩子们鷈xciting news令人高兴的消息
2庇惺惫去分词也可以修饰事物，特别是与人有关的表情、眼神、眼泪、声音等时，要用V-ed形式。如：鷈xcited tears激动的泪水鷇isappointed expression失望的神情
用括号中动词的适当形式填空：
1．The story was so _____ that nearly everybody was _____ to tears．（move）
2．We are _____ in the novel which is very _____ ．（interest）
3．I am _____ about the result．I have never spent a more _____ day．（worry）
4．We were all _____ out when we got to the top of the hill．We never thought the climb was so _____ ．（tire）
5．His kind words were very _____ ．Though we had lost the match，we were _____ and were determined to train harder．（encourage）
6．There is a _____ expression on his face and I am _____ what to do．（puzzle）
7．Ten years later，Mother and daughter met again，_____ tears came into their eyes．（excite）8．Greatly _____ by his words，the boy went up to his teacher，and said“sorry”．（touch）
9．He was so _____ at seeing a tiger that he stood still．（terrify）
10．I am not _____ with either of the two pictures．（satisfy）
参考答案：1．moving；moved 2．interested；interesting 3．worried；worrying 4．tired；tiring 5．encouraging；encouraged 6．puzzled；puzzled 7．excited 8．touched 9．terrified 10．satisfied
分词专练
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1．He told me aboutthe things ＿＿＿ at the meeting．
A．to discuss鶥．being discussed鶦．discussed鶧．be discussed
2．A metal ＿＿＿ uranium gives off a kind of radiation．
A．calling鶥．called鶦．is called鶧．which called
3．The water in this glass is too hot．I prefer some cold ＿＿＿ water．
A．to boil鶥．having boiled鶦．boiled鶧．boiling
4．The problem just ＿＿＿ is an important one．
A．to be referred to鶥．referred to鶦．referring to鶧．referred
5．The story was so ＿＿＿ that all of us were ＿＿＿ to tears．
A．moving; moving B．moved; moved C．moved; moving D．moving; moved
6．When I entered the theatre, I saw him ＿＿＿ in the first row．
A．sit down B．sat C．seated D．seating
7．I found my daughter quite ＿＿＿ in drawing．
A．interested鶥．interest鶦．interesting D．to interest
8．He had his leg ＿＿＿ in the football match yesterday．
A．to break鶥．broken C．break鶧．breaking
9．If you have a book in front of your face, you can feel the air ＿＿＿ against your face．
A．moving B．moved C．be moved鶧．to move
10．With the job＿＿＿, they went to the cinema．
A．doing B．do C．to do D．done
11．With the boy ＿＿＿ the way, the soldiers managed to walk through the forest．
A．to lead鶥．led鶦．leading鶧．to be leading
12．Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word＿＿＿．鶤．speaking鶥．speak鶦．spoken鶧．to speak
13．The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes on the screen．
A．fixed鶥．to fix鶦．to be fixed鶧．fixing
14．The captain placed the flag over the boy, leaving only his face＿＿＿。A．uncover鶥．uncovering鶦．to be uncovered鶧．uncovered
15．She was very glad to see her child well ＿＿＿．
A．take care of鶥．taken care of鶦．to take care of鶧．taking care of
从高考题看过去分词的句法功能答案
情感动词的分词用法答案：
1．moving；moved 2．interested；interesting 3．worried；worrying 4．tired；tiring 5．encouraging；encouraged 6．puzzled；puzzled 7．excited 8．touched 9．terrified 10．satisfied
Key: 1-5 CBCBD 6-10 CABAD 11-15 CCADB 16-20 DBABC