(发表《英语辅导报》高二版2004年第28期)
湖南省隆回县第一中学 罗玉南
定语从句是中学阶段英语学习的主要语法之一，也是高考题的命题热点所在。因此我们一定要重视定语从句的学习。下面通过分析历届高考题，对定语从句应注意的“热点”问题分析一下。
“热点”之一：that和which引导的定语从句
典型考题：
1．The weather turned out to be very good, ＿＿＿ was more than we could expect．(NMET’94)
A． what B． which C． that D． if
2．All ＿＿＿＿ is needed is a supply of oil． (MET’89)
A． the thing B． that C． what D． which
3．Finally the thief handed everything ＿＿＿＿ he had stolen to the police． (MET’87)
A． after B． what C． whatever D． that
分析：1－3 BBD ①在非限定性定语从句中只能用which不用能that。如题1。②在下列几种情况下用that不用which：1)先行词为不定代词anything, everything, all, nothing等时。如题2，题3。2) 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。3）先行词被no, the only, very等修饰时。4）先行词既有人又有物时。
“热点”之二：“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
典型考题：
1．He paid the boy ＄10 for washing the windows, most of ＿＿＿＿ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year．(MET’90)
A． those B． these C． that D． which
2．In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ＿＿＿＿ she could turn for help．(MET’92)
A． that B． who C． from whom鶧． to whom
3．Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ＿＿＿＿ were reasonable． (上海2000)
A． which price B． the price of which
C． its price D． the price of whose
4．In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30pm, ＿＿＿＿ many people have gone home． (上海’94)
A． whose 鶥． that C． on which D． by which time
分析：1－4 DDBD 在“（名词、数词、代词＋）介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用whom（指人）和which（指物）。在这种结构中，“介词”的选择可依据下列几点：1）介词和定语从句中的谓语动词是一种习惯搭配。如题2中的“turn to sb．for help”为固定搭配。2）表示“所有关系”或整体中的一部分时常用of。如题3，此处的the price of which＝whose price。3）介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成固定搭配，如：China is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud． (be proud of为固定词组) 4)介词后面的关系词不能省略。5）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where，why 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
=This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
=Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
This is the reason why he was late for school.
=This is the reason for which he was late for school.
“热点”之三：定语从句中的“隔离”现象
典型考题：
1．The film brought the hours back to me ＿＿＿＿ I was taken good care of in that faraway village．(NMET 2001)
A． until B． that C． where D． when
2．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ＿＿＿＿ of course, made the others unhappy． (NMET 2000)
A． who B． which C． this D． what
3．The pen I ＿＿＿＿ I ＿＿＿＿ is on my desk, right under my nose．(NMET’93)
A． think; lost B． thought; had lost
C． think; had lost D． thought; have lost
分析：1－3DBB ①因定语从句过长，为使句子保持平衡，常将定语从句和其所修饰的名词或代词分开。如题1，when引导的定语从句和先行词the hours分开。②在定语从句中使用“插入语”以增加语言的灵活性。如题2中的“of course”为插入语，题3中 的“I thought”为插入语。
“热点”之四：as和which引导的定语从句
典型考题：
1．＿＿＿＿ is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month．(NMET2001)
A． That B． It C． Which D． As
2．The result of the experiment was very good, ＿＿＿＿ we hadn’t expected．(北京2000春)
A． when B． that C． which D． what
3．＿＿＿＿ is mentioned above the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing． (上海’99)
A． Which B． As鶦． That D． It
4．Those houses are sold at such a low price ＿＿＿＿ people expected． (上海2000)
A． like B． as C． that D． which
分析：1－4DCBB ①由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句中，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as引导的定语从句可放在主句之前、之后或插在句中，而which引导的从句只能放在主句后面。如题1，as引导的从句置于句首。②as引导定语从句有“正如”、“就像”之意，具有描述性的特点，而which没有，如题2和题3。③在固定结构“such/as /so．．．as”， “the same．．． as”,用as而不用which，如题4。再如：
He is as brave a man as ever lived．他是世界上最勇敢的人。
Don't read such books as are not worth reading．不要读那些不值得读的书。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
The film is so good as we saw last night.(as 作saw 的宾语)
“热点”之五：定语从句及其近似句型
典型考题：
1．It is the ability to do the job ＿＿＿＿ matters not where you come from or what you are． (NMET 2000)
A． one B． that C． what D． it
2．You should make it a rule to leave things ＿＿＿＿ you can find them again．(NMET’99)
A． when B． where C． them D． there
3．She thought I was talking about her daughter, ＿＿＿＿ in fact, I was talking about my daughter． (NMET’95)
A． whom B． where C． while D． which
4．Go and get your coat．It’s ＿＿＿＿ you left it． (MET’92)
A． there 鶥． where C． there where鶧． where there
分析：1－4 BBCB在高考题和平时的练习中有一些句子看似定语从句而实际上是其他句型。如题1为强调句，that在此处不是关系代词，而是强调句中的连词。题2为状语从句，where为连接副词而非关系副词。题3为并列句，while表示“而，却”。题4为表语从句，where在此是连接副词。
易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句
1.定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“……的（名词）”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较：
1)We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句中不作任何成分)
2)We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.(定语从句，that 作told 的宾语)
2.定语从句与状语从句。试比较：
1)He left the key where he had been an hour before.
(where引导地点状语从句，相当于in the place where)
2)He left the place where he lived for many years.
(where 引导定语从句，修饰the place)
3)He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.
(as 引导定语从句)
4)He is such a good teacher that we all like him.
(that引导结果状语从句,such…that… “如此…以致…”)
3． 定语从句与主语从句。试比较：
1) As is known to us all, paper was first made in China.
(as 引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首)
2) It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.
(it 做形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句)
Cf. What is known to us is that paper was first made in China.
4．定语从句与强调结构。试比较：
1)It is the house where I met the young man.
(where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语)
2)It was in the house that I met the young man.
(本句为强调结构，可还原为I met the young man in the house.)
5．定语从句与并列句。
请分析下列题目并分析：
A．whom B．them鶦．they鶧．who
1）Mr Smith has three sons，none of ＿＿＿＿ is a computer expert．
2）He has three sisters，＿＿＿＿＿ are doctors．
3）She has three CDs，but none of＿＿＿＿＿ is interesting．
4）I have many friends，and all of＿＿＿＿＿ are nice and friendly．
5）Miss Yang has some relatives here；＿＿＿＿ like her very much．
［答案与简析］本组题考查定语从句与并列句的区别。第1和2小题是定语从句，正确答案分别是A和D；第3和4小题有并列连词but和and，为并列句，每句只能有一个连接词，故正确答案均为B；第5小题中的前后两部分用分号连接，是两个并列分句，无需连接词，故C项正确。