b. There are shops on either side of the street.
c. Either of them is going there.
11.neither表示“两者都不”, 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数; 作定语时, 修饰单数名词
a. Neither is right.
b. Neither film is interesting.
12.other的用法: the other表示两者中的另外一个; the others =the other +复数名词, 表示“其余的一些”; others =other +复数名词, 表示 “别的人或事物”
a. He has two sons. One is a teacher. The other is a worker.
b. Some went to the Great Wall, the others went to the lake.
13.another 指不定数目中的另外一个; another +复数名词表示“再一些, 又一些”
a. This skirt is too long. Please show me another.
b. I want to have another cup of coffee.
c. I will finish the work in another ten minutes.
14.复合不定代词是由some, any, no, every和body, thing, one构成的, 如: somebody, something, someone. 带some的不定代词一般用于肯定句, 带any的不定代词一般用于否定句及疑问句中, 它们的用法与some / any的用法相似
第三章：形容词和副词
形容词
一.形容词的定义: 形容词表示人或事物的性质, 特征或状态, 修饰名词或不定代词
二.形容词在句中的作用:
1.作定语:
a. He is a great writer.
b. This is an interesting book.
c. I have something important to tell you.
2.作表语:
a. The bridge is long and wide.
b. It is getting warm.
3.作补语(宾语补足语或主语补足语):
a. The news made her happy.
b. We found the text very difficult.
c. You should keep your classroom clean.
d. The classroom should be kept clean.
4.作主语或宾语: the+adj表示某一类人或事物, 这种名词化的形容词起着名词的作用, 在句中可以作主语或宾语
a. We should respect the old and love the young.
b. The new will replace the old.
c. The rich and the poor live in separate sections in London.
5.作状语: 形容词作状语时, 多用来说明一个名词或代词的情况
a. Unhappy with the result, he returned to work.
b. Long and tidy, his hair played in the breeze.
c. Anxious for a quick decision, we called for a vote.
三.关于形容词的作用要注意的问题:
1.有些形容词只能作表语和补语, 不能象普通形容词那样作前置定语, 这样的形容词称为表语形容词, 如: alive, alone, asleep, alike, afraid, awake, ashamed, able, sure, ill, worth等词; 表语形容词作定语时需后置
2.有些形容词只能作定语, 不能作表语, 这样的形容词称为定语形容词, 如: golden, wooden, silken, live(活的), elder(年长的), former前任的, latter后者, front前面的, back后面的, outer外部的
四.形容词在句中的位置:
1.单个形容词作定语时, 一般放在被修饰的名词之前; 两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 同种类形容词的排列顺序一般应考虑以下两种情况:
①.和被修饰的名词关系比较密切的形容词位置更靠近名词
a. It is a touching English film.
②.音节少的形容词在前, 音节多的形容词在后
a. I have a small but beautiful room.
不同种类的词同时出现在名词前作定语时, 按以下顺序进行排列:
数 词 性 状 形 容 词
冠词前的形容词 冠词，物主代词,指示代词,不定代词,所有格 序数词 基数词 性质
状态 数量
大小
长短
形状 新旧
温度
长幼 颜色 国籍 材料
来源
用途
all, both, such等 the, a,
this, that
another,
your等 first,
second,
next等 one, five等 kind,
good,
sick等 large,
long,
round等 old
cool等 red,
blue等 Chinese
English
等 iron,
stone等
2.单个形容词作定语时, 在下列情况之下, 形容词应放在被修饰的词之后
①.形容词修饰不定代词something, nothing, anything等时应后置
a. Is there anything important in the article?
b. There is something difficult in the lesson.
c. There is nothing wrong in your homework.
②.形容词修饰表示度量的名词应后置
a. The building is seventeen storeys high.
b. He is ten years old.
c. The street is five hundred meters long.
③.用and / or连接的两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后, 起强调修饰语的作用
a. We will turn our motherland into a country, strong and modern.
b. Every nation, big or small, has its rights.
c. Power stations, large and small, have been set up all over the country.
④.有些过去分词形容词作定语时应后置, 如: given, left, won, missed等
a. None of the answers given (被给的答案) were correct.
⑤.表语形容词作定语时需后置, 如: alive, present, possible等
a. He is the greatest writer alive.
b. He was the only person awake at the moment.
3.形容词短语作定语时, 需要后置
a. He is a worker worthy of praise.
b. This is a problem difficult to solve.
c. She is always ready to help others.
五.特殊的形容词: 有些以-ly结尾的词是形容词, 而不是副词, 这样的词如: friendly友好的, lovely可爱的, weekly每周的, orderly有秩序的, brotherly兄弟般的, lively活泼的, lonely孤独的, likely可能的, deadly致命的
副 词
一.副词的种类:
1.一般副词主要分为以下几种:
①.时间副词, 如: often, always, early, now
②.地点副词, 如: here, there, above, outside
③.方式副词, 如: hard, well, badly, fast, slowly
④.程度副词, 如: very, quite, much, still, almost
2.疑问副词(放在特殊疑问句的句首), 如: how, when, where, why
3.关系副词(放在定语从句句首), 如: when, where, why
4.连接副词(放在名词从句句首), 如: how, when, where, why, whether
二.副词在句中的作用: 副词修饰动词, 形容词, 名词, 副词或全句, 在句中的作用如下
1.作状语:
a. You should always review your lessons.
b. The visitors are warmly welcomed by the students.
c. Certainly we should try out best to improve our work.
2.作表语:
a. He is abroad.
b. The class is over.
c. The football match is on.
3.作定语: 副词作定语时置于被修饰词之后
a. This is her first day up.
b. The comrades here give us a lot of help.
4.作补语(包括宾语补足语和主语补足语):
a. I found all the lights on when I got home last night.
三.副词在句中的位置:
1.时间副词和地点副词的位置:
①.表示确定时间的副词和表示地点的副词一般放在句尾. 若句中同时有地点副词和时间副词, 地点副词通常在前, 时间副词在后
a. They went to the Summer Palace yesterday.
b. We often goes there.
c. I will go there tomorrow.
②.表示不确定时间的副词(如: always, usually, often, never, ever, seldom, sometimes, rarely, generally, frequently)的位置: 句子谓语是be时, 位于其后; 句子谓语是单个完全动词时, 位于其前; 句子谓语由不完全动词与完全动词一起组成时, 位于第一个不完全动词之后.
a. She always helps her mother with the housework.
b. The old man seldom goes out.
c. He is always the first to come to class.
d. They have already done their homework.
2.程度副词除enough之外, 一般放在被修饰词之前
a. The student is very careful with his work.
b. He swims quite well.
c. The boy is old enough to go to school.
3.方式副词的位置:
①.修饰不及物动词的方式副词要放在被修饰词之后
a. His sister sings well.
b. The baby is sleeping soundly.
②.修饰及物动词的方式副词可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之后; 如果宾语较长, 也可放在动词和宾语之间
a. He speaks French fluently.
b. All this morning Liu Ying has been writing carefully some English letters to her teachers.
4.及物动词和副词小品词(down, on, off, in, out, up)组成的动词词组有名词作宾语时, 该名词可放在副词之后或副词之前; 若有代词作宾语时, 则代词一定放在副词之前
a. He cut down the tree. =He cut the tree down.
b. He cut it down.
5.修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.
6.修饰全句的副词通常放在句首
a. Truly he is an honest man.
b. Still, in spite of what you say, I don’t think it is true.
7.作状语时,各类副词的排列顺序一般为: 方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词
a. He behaved well here yesterday.
形容词和副词的比较等级
一.原级:
1.原级的形式: 即原形
2.原级的用法:
①.表示被比较双方在某一方面相等或相同时, 用as + adj / adv + as结构, 表示“…和…一样”
a. Xiao Li is as tall as his sister.
b. It is as cold today as it was yesterday.
c. There are as many seats in this hall as in that hall.
②.表示被比较双方在某一方面不相等或不同时, 用not as / so + adj / adv + as, 表示“…和…不一样”
a. Xiao Li is not as / so tall as his brother.
b. It is not so / as cold today as yesterday.
c. There are not so / as many seats in this hall as in that hall.
二.比较级和最高级:
1.比较级和最高级的形式:
①.规则变化:
a.在单音节形容词后及少数以-er, -ow, -ble, -ple结尾的双音节形容词和少数副词原级后, 加-er, -est或-r, -st, 如: strong, young, clever, able, simple, narrow, hard, fast, slow等
b.在以-e结尾的单音节形容词和少数副词原级后, 加-r, -st, 如: brave, wide等
c.形容词以发短元音的元音字母+辅音字母结尾时, 双写辅音字母, 再加-er, -est,如: big, hot, thin等
d.辅音字母+y结尾的单音节及双音节形容词和少数副词(由形容词+ly构成的副词除外), 要将y变为i, 再加-er, -est, 如: easy, happy, early等
e.在双音节和多音节形容词和大多数副词原级前可以加more, most表示比较级和最高级, 如: useful, childish, important, happily, clearly, quickly等
f.有少数单音节形容词加more / most构成比较级和最高级, 如: fond, tired, pleased, glad, often, fit等
g.下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级可用两种方法构成: cruel, strict, friendly, often, fit
②.不规则变化的形容词如: good / well, many / much, bad / badly, little, far
2.比较级的用法: 两方进行比较时, 多用than
a. It is colder today than it was yesterday.
b. His handwriting is more beautiful than yours.
c. He did his homework more carefully than you did yours.
3.最高级的用法: 三方或三方以上进行比较时, 用最高级, 最高级前多用the, 基本形式为: the + adj / adv的最高级 + (名词) + 表示范围的短语或从句
a. He is the eldest among the sisters.
b. Shanghai is the biggest centre of industry in China.
c. Beijing is one of the most beautiful cities in China.
4.比较等级的特殊用法:
①.有些词的比较级和最高级有两种不同形式, 意义上也有所不同, 如: older / oldest(比较老/最老的), elder / eldest (年龄比较大的/最大的); farther / farthest用于本义, 表示“比较远的/最远的”, 而further / furthest常用于引申意义, 表示“更进一步的,更深一层的/最深层的”
a. He is the oldest comrade in our office.
b. He is the eldest son in the family.
c. He went abroad for further studies.
②.表示“比…多(大)几倍”时, 用“倍数+ as…as” 结构或“倍数+比较级+than…”表示
a. This book costs twice as much as that one.
b. The university is three times as big as it was in 1980. =The university is three times bigger than it was in 1980.
③.可用much, far, still, even等修饰比较级, 表示 “更…”, “…得多”之意
a. Her handwriting is much better than mine.
b. This street is far wider and longer than any other street in Beijing.
④.可用“名词词组或数词词组+比较级”的结构来表示“比…相差多少”, 如: a head taller, ten minutes later, two meters longer, a few steps further
⑤.比较级+ and +比较级表示“越来越…”的意思
a. Summer is coming. It is getting hotter and hotter.
⑥. “the +比较级+主语+谓语+其他, the +比较级+主语+谓语+其他” 表示 “越… , 就越…”
a. The harder you study, the more knowledge you will get.
b. The more you work for other people, the happier you will feel.
⑦.more…than…有时表示“与其说…, 倒不如说…”
a.. He is more diligent than wise.与其说他聪明,不如说他勤奋
b. He is more a friend than a teacher.与其说他是一位老师,不如说更像一位朋友
⑧.“no+比较级+than…”和“not +比较级+than…”所表示的意思不相同, 前者表示“和…一样不…”(即两者都不…), 后者表示“不比…更… ”(仅否定前者, 即表示前者不如后者)
a. His English is no better than mine. (两人的英语都不好)
b. His English is not better than mine. 他的英语不如我的英语好(仅否定 “他的英语”)
c. He is no taller than I.他和我一样不高./ He is not taller than I.他不如我高.
⑨.有时用比较级表示最高级的意思, 如:
a. It can’t be safer.再安全不过了.
b. She can’t be more beautiful. 她简直美极了
c. He works harder than the other students in his class.
d. He works harder than any other student in his class.
⑩. “the +序数词+最高级” 表示“第几”之意
a. China is the third largest country in the world.
b. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.