分词有现在分词（the Present Participle）和过去分词（the Past Participle），在句中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。
一、分词的形式
1.现在分词
现在分词 Vt. (write) Vi. (go)
主动语态 被动语态 主动语态
一般式
完成式
Eg.) He hurried home, ______ (look) behind at times.
_______ (tell) many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
_______ (not get) well prepared, they decided to put off the meeting.
________ (never operate) a computer, he met with a lot of difficulties.
2.过去分词---一般表示完成的和被动的动作,只有一种形式, 即:动词的过去分词
3.否定形式---not +分词
二、分词的句法功能:
1. 作表语：
现在分词作表语:一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征, “令人……”的意思, 主语多数情况是sth.
过去分词作表语: 一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受, “感到……的”,主语多数情况是sb.
exciting, excited
annoying, annoyed
amazing, amazed
amusing, amused
astonishing, astonished
boring, bored
confusing, confused
disappointing, disappointed
encouraging, encouraged
embarrassing, embarrassed
frightening, frightened;
inspiring, inspired
eg.) 1.The result was _______ (surprising, surprised)
They were _______ (surprising, surprised) at the news.
2.作定语： (单词前置, 分词短语后置；修饰代词时后置)
A. 现在分词表示正在进行的动作;过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
boiling water, boiled water;
developing country, developed country;
falling leaves, fallen leaves
rising sun, risen sun, etc.
B. 表示情感心理的Vt的分词可修饰名词,作前置定语。
Eg.) He told us the ________ (exciting, excited) news.
The _______ (exciting, excited) pupils jumped with joy.
注意: 过分除修饰sb.以外,还可修饰表示神态、声音等的名词, 说明主语的心理状态。
Eg.) He had a _________ (terrifying, terrified) look in his eyes.
The boy answered in a ________ (frightening, frightened) voice.
C.作定语时的位置
单个分词前置, 分词短语后置, 修饰代词时后置---单个分词作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的名词前; 分词短语作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的名词后; 分词在修饰由some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代词或those之后
①单个分词前置
a neighboring town
an unexpected guest
the exciting news
例外:These plastic bottles used can be recycled. (有时单个的分词放在分词后面,用于强调动作)
Do you know the number of books ordered?
②分词短语后置
eg.) I don’t know the doctor_____ (seat) at the back.
The goods ______ (import) from abroad yesterday remain in good condition.
③分词修饰由some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代词或those时,分词在这些词之后
eg.) Those laughing are considered impolite.
Anyone swimming will be punished.
D. 作定语时, 要注意分词所表示动作的发生时间:
① 表示正在进行的动作
eg.) Tell the children ( __ ___ )playing there not to make too much noise.
② 表示经常性动作或现在/当时的状态
eg.) I used to live in a room facing (=___ ____ ) south.
③其他情况,一般不用现在分词短语作定语,而用定语从句
eg.)The man who came this morning is our headmaster. (过去时)
The students who will attend the meeting (=___ attend the meeting) will arrive here tomorrow.
Is there anyone who can answer this question?
Those who have finished their work can go home now. (完成时)
注:现在分词完成式不能用作定语修饰名词。
Eg.) The builders having completed the hotel were given prizes. ( )
改为: The builders __ _______completed the hotel were given prizes.
区别：
the performances being put on at present
the performances put on yesterday
the performances to be put on tomorrow
E.分词和动名词修饰名词时的意义区别:
a swimming boy, a swimming pool
a walking dictionary, a walking stick
running water, running track
3.作宾语(主语)补足语：
如下V.后可跟分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, notice, observe, catch; have, get, keep, leave, etc.
Eg.)His lecture got us______ (think).
He got his bike ____ (repair) just now.
He watched the bed _____ (carry) out of the door.
He felt a great weight _____ (take ) off his mind. 他感到心头如释重负。
How would you like your hair ___ (cut)?
4.作状语：---_______________
A.作时间状语：
eg.)①_______ (hear) the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.
= _______________, they couldn’t help crying.
②When/ While( _____ _____ ) ____ (take) around the city, we were deeply impressed by the city’s new look.
While/When (I was) _____ (wander) through the square, I caught sight of a snake-charmer.
③_______ (finish) his work, he went home.
=_____________, he went home.
B.作原因状语：
Eg.) ①_____ (be poor), he could not afford to travel abroad.
=____________, he could not afford to travel abroad.
________ (encourage) by his heroic deeds, they worked harder.
_______ (lose) in thought, he almost ran into a post.
________ (frighten) by the big forest fire, the animals all ran away.
_____ (not know) her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
②______ (never be) to the city, he soon got lost.
_________ (not receive) his letter, I decided to call him up.
=_____________.
C.方式/伴随状语;
Eg.)①She watched the film, _____ (weep ) and ___ (sigh).
②The teacher stood there, ______ (surround) by a lot of students.
D.作条件状语：
Eg.)①______ (give) another chance, I would have done the job far better.
=______________ , I would have done the job far better.
②(If) _____ (play) all day, you will waste your valuable time.
E.作结果状语：(意料中的结果)
Eg.)① The hunters fired, _____(shoot) one of the wolves.
②The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus _____ (cause) the delay.
区别: 不定式表示意外的结果
eg.) He hurried to the station, only ____ (find) the train had left.
F.作让步状语：
Eg.)①Though ____ (rain) heavily, it cleared up very soon.
= _____________, it cleared up very soon.
②Though _____ (tell) of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
分词作状语时, 需注意事项:
A.分词短语作状语时,它的逻辑主语通常应是________ :
____ (see) from the hill, the city is beautiful.
___ (see) from the hill, you can see the whole city.
B.分词短语的位置:
一般来说,时间,原因,条件,让步等分词短语多放在句首;而表结果,伴随的分词短语放在句尾.
Eg.)Finding the door locked, Tom went home. ( _____ )
Tom went home, finding the door locked. （____）