一、定义：在复合句中相当于一个名词，做主语、宾语、表语、同位语的从句。
二、引导词：
1. 连词: that , if, whether, as if
2. 连接代词: who , what, which, whose, whom以及wh+ever
3. 连接副词: when, where, why, because, how
三、引导词的作用：
1. 连词只有连接的功能，而不在从句中充当句子成分。
2. 连接代词和连接副词不但有连接的功能，同时还要在从句中充当特定的句子成分，主
语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。
主 语 从 句
基本概念
1． 定义：在复合句中作句子主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2． 构成：关联词+简单句
3． 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：
连词that、whether;
疑问代词who, what, which;
疑问副词when, where, how, why
⑴ 连词that（无词意）, whether(是否), 在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用; whether
能引导主语从句，而if不能。
That you don’t like him has nothing to do with me.
Whether John will do this experiment remains a question.
⑵ 疑问代词who, what, which, 在从句中既作连接词又充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
Who will be sent abroad to further his studies is not announced.
What surprised me most was that such a little girl could play the violin so well.
Which school will win the prize is not known.
Whose dictionary has not been found is still unknown.
Whichever you take will be yours.
Whoever wants this book may take it.
Whatever was said here must be kept secret.
⑶ 疑问副词when, where, how, why在从句中充当时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原
因状语
When they will start hasn’t been decided yet.
Where the heroine went is not mentioned at the end of the story.
How he managed to finish the composition in such a short time is still a mystery.
Why he often comes here is known to us all.
难点
1． 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。常以it作形式主语的
句型有：
A. It+be+形容词(well-known, obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, common
Knowledge, a surprise, a fact, etc.)+that从句。如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged,
etc.)+that从句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being
polluted. 有人建议应做更多的工作阻止河流受到污染。
D. It appears / seems that…… （似乎……）
It happens that…… （碰巧……）
It occurred to me that…… （我突然想起……）
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从
句。如：
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句
后置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?
下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？
G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！
2． 注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who)
你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。
表 语 从 句
基本概念
1． 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2． 构成：关联词+简单句
3． 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：
(1) 从属连词that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.
这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
难点
1． 连词because可引导表语从句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
2． 引导表语从句的that不省略，that仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，无任何
意义
The impression he makes on me is that he is a reliable person.
他给我的印象是他是一个可靠的人。
3． the reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导，我们学生易犯“the reason is because…”
的错误
The reason why the little actress has been such a success is that she is both clever and
hard-working.
4． 在表示命令order等，建议suggestion, advice等的名词后的表语从句中，谓语动词要
用虚拟语气：should+动词原形，should可省略
His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the problem.
5． whether可引导表语从句，表“是否”，它在从句中不充当成分，if不能引导表语从句。
宾 语 从 句
基本概念
1． 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2． 构成：关联词+简单句
3． 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
(1) 从属连词that。如：
He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。
注： that在引导宾语从句时也并非任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能
省略。
① Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个
宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)
大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
② I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作
介词宾语时，that不能省略。) 对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。
③ That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that从句位于句首时，that
不可省略。) 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
④ We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a
probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。)
鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。
(2) 从属连词if/whether。如：
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。
(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
4． 介词宾语从句
宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
有时介词可以省略。如：
I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。
难点
1． 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不会屈服。
2． 作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in
后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it作形式宾语。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。
介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：
Are you sorry for what you’ve done?
你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？
3． 某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain,
pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。
4． 连词whether (…or not)或if引导的宾语从句
if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不
与or not连用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。试比较：
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句，意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。
5． 宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓
语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：
I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？
6． 宾语从句的时态变化规律：
(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。
(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳运行。
同 位 语 从 句
基本概念
1． 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2． 用法：
① 同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
② 连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从
句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
难点
1． that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别：
We expressed the hope (that) they had expressed.
我们表达了他们曾经表达过的那种希望。（定语从句）
We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.
我们表示希望他们再来中国访问。（同位语从句）
① 从语法角度上看，引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何句子成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中作主语或宾语等句子成分。
② 从语义角度上看，同位语从句与前面的名词hope是同位关系，表示hope的内容是they would come to visit China again。因而同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词作补充说明；而定语从句与它前面的名词是所属关系，表示“…的”（他们曾经表示过的），起修饰作用，因此定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词。一般来说，我们可以将同位语从句改写成“主语 + be + 表语”结构。
The hope was that they would come to visit China again.
③ 同位语从句的连词that不能省略，而定语从句的关系代词that，当其在从句中作宾语中，可省略，作主语也不可省略。
I’ve heard the news that he visited our factory.
I’ve heard the news that he told you the other day.
The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.
The news that is spreading around the airport is that a heavy storm is coming.
The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.
The suggestion that they are considering is that students should learn something practical.
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句，that不可省。)
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。)
他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。
2．引导定语从句的when, where, why是关系副词， 在其前面分别有表示时间、地点、原因或方式意义的名词作先先词。
I will never forger the day when I joined the League.
我永远不会忘记我入团的那一天。
The factory where I once worked has changed a lot.
我曾经工作过的那家工厂发生了巨大的变化。
That’s the reason why she didn’t come to the meeting.
这就是她为什么没有到会的原因。
当when, why, where引导同位语从句时，它们为连接副词。虽然它们在从句中充当句子成分，但前面却没有与其意义相当的先行词。
I have no idea when he will be back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The problem where we got the machine needed has already been solved.
我们到哪里去弄所需机器的问题已经解决了。
He has solved the question why he was ill. 他已经解决了他为什么生病这个问题。
3． 一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。
高考题实录
1. Can you make sure ______ the gold ring? ( NMET1990)
A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put
C. where has Alice put D. where Alice has put
2. No one will be sure ______ in a million years. (NMET1991)
A. what will man look like B. what man will look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
3. Go and get your coat . It’s ______ you left it (NMET1992)
A. there B. where C. there where D. where there
4. It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning grey (NMET1992)
A. while B. if C. that D. for
5. ____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet．
A．Whenever B．If C．Whether D．That
6. ____he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (NMET 1993)
A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter
7. --- Do you remember ____ he came?
---Yes, I do, he came by car (NMET 1994)
A. how B. when C. that D. if
8. _____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET1995)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
9. _____we can’t get seems better than _____we have (NMET1996)
A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what
10. ______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (NMET1996)
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
11. It’s generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants. (NMET1997)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
12. Bob is no longer____ he used to be. (NMET1998)
A. that B. which C. who D. what
13. ---I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---Is that _____ you had a few days off？ (NMET1999)
A. why B. when C. what D. where
14. ______ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising． (上海1999)
A．Who B．The one C．Anyone D．Whoever
参 考 答 案
1─5 DBBCC 6─10 A ADAB 11─14 BDAD