Unit One Making a difference
Teaching aims and demands教学目的和要求
类别 课程标准要求掌握的项目
话题 Talking about science and scientists
Talking about people
词汇 undertake analysis obvious within
agriculture gravity curious branch debate
scan boundary graduate research
wheelchair disable theory seek
misunderstand scientificobserve match
predict unhappiness crime astronomer
microscope telescope heaven intelligent
patient experiment
__________________________________________
Work on go by go on with dream of tum
out use up be satisfied with take a
1ook atwhat if the other way round
功能 1． 描述人物(Describing people)…you are
twenty-one years old and a promising graduated
student…The scientist is curious and careful．
He is also intelligent and patient．2． 辩论
(Debating)I think biology is the most
mportant and useful science because…That’s
correct． That’s true．It’s clear
that… I doubt that… It’s hard to
say． Well，maybe，but…There's no doubt
that… What’s your idea?Have you thought
about…?
语法 动词不定式(短语)作主语、宾语、定语和状语：
1．动词不定式(短语)作主语： To obey the law
is everyone's duty．Hawlking explaines what it
means to be a scientist．
2．动词不定式(短语)作动词宾语： ．Scientists
try to describe and explain what we see．
3．动词不定式(短语)作定语：That win be the only
thing to do now．
4．动词不定式(短语)作状语，表示行为的目的、结果、
原因等：Learn from the past mistakes to avoid
the future ones．We were surprised to find him
there. He travelled around to give lectures.
Listening material for Page 2
1 This woman is one of the greatest scientists of all times. Even her name tells you that she likes science: a good scientist should want to find out manswers and ask many questions. In other words they should be curious. This woman was certainly curious. Together with her husband, she tried to learn the secrets of radioactivity. The couple were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. Eight years later,she received a second Nobel Prize, this time forchemistry.
2 It is said that this English gentleman was sitting in his garden one day when suddenly he was hit by a falling apple. The story is probably not true, but this man did mention that he got one of his best known ideas while watching apples fall from a tree. His name makes you think that he was not too interested in old things. He discovered the force of gravity, and he drew up a system of how objects move. His laws for motion are still used in physics today, at least in schools and universities.
3 Food is what sets this great mind on fire. Rice, to be exact. This great mind has spent most of his life looking for ways to help farmers grow more rice so that all of us will have enough food to eat. He is known as the father of modem rice, but because of his long friendship with all the farmers in China, he would rather be known as “the farmer”.
Answers to the exorcises:
Great Mind No 1: Madame Curie
1 This great mind was on fire for radioactivity.
2 The scientist's name is similar to the English word
curious, meaning being interested in something.
(Curie sounds like the beginning of curious.)
Great Mind No 2: Sir Isaac Newton
1 This great mind was on fire for gravity.
2 The scientist's name is similar to the English word
for something not old. (New-Newton)
Great Mind No 3: Yuan Longping
1 He is known for his work with rice / in agriculture.
2 He wants to be called the farmer.
3 Various answers are possible. They are all passionate
about what they do. / They are on fire for something.
They have all made important contributions to
science and society.
Great Mind No 4: Various answers are possible.
Listening material for Page 81
Part 1
Scientists often look at nature in order to find new ideas.In ancient times, Chinese scientists studied how spiders make silk. Modern scientists are interested in the spider,too. A spider can make silk that is much stronger than most man-made materials. A spider's silk doesn't break easily. Instead of breaking, it gets longer. Best of all, the spider produces the silk without the use of dangerous or poisonous chemicals. If we could learn to use the technique, we might be able to use the strong silk to make things like seat belts and wires that hold up bridges.
Part 2
There are many other examples of how new technology has been developed by learning from nature. A group of German scientists wanted to find out why leaves and flowers are able to stay so clean. They decided to take a closer look at the white lotus, a flower that is known for its clean leaves. At first, the scientists believed that a very flat leaf would be better at staying clean. However,when they looked closely at the white lotus, the scientists saw that the leaf was in fact covered with tiny hairs and needles. The needles and hairs collect the dust that falls on the leaf so that a raindrop can easily wash it off. The German scientists used this technique to design a new kind of paint. The new paint could keep houses looking clean for years.
Scientists also believe that the butterfly could teach us a way to keep our computers cool. A computer must be kept cool to function well. The fans we use today are not always good enough. The butterfly is cold-blooded and must change its body temperature all the time. Scientists have found that there are small parts on its wings that the butterfly uses to change its temperature. If scientists can learn how this is done, it may be possible to use the samemethod to keep computers from becoming too hot.
Answers to the exercises:
Part 1
1 A spiders can make silk that is much stronger than
most man-made materials.
2 A spider's silk doesn't break easily.
3 Best of all, the spider makes the silk without the use
of dangerous or poisonous chemicals.
4 If we could learn to use the technique, we might be
able to use the strong silk to make things like seat
belts and wires that hold up bridges.
Part 2
Background information
阅读下面材料，回答下列问
( A )
A black hole itself is invisible because no light can escape from it. In fact, when black holes were first hypothesized( 假设 ) they were called "invisible stars. " If black holes are in-visible, how do we know they exist? This is exactly why it is so difficult to find a black hole in space! However, a black hole can be found indirectly by observing its effect on the stars and gas close to it. For example, consider a double-star system in which the stars are very close. If one of the stars explodes as a supernova( 超新星 ) and creates a black hole, gas and dust from the companion star might be pulled toward the black hole if the companion wanders too close. In that case, the gas and dust are pulled toward the black hole and begin to orbit around the event horizon and then orbit the black hole.
The gas becomes heavily compressed( 压缩的 ) and the friction
( 摩擦 ) that develops among the atoms changes the kinetic( 运动的 ) energy of the gas and dust into heat, and x-rays aregiven off. Using the radiation( 射线 ) coming from the orbiting material, scientists can measure its heat and speed. From the motion and heat of the spreading matter, we can infer" the presence of a black hole. The hot matter circling near the event horizon of a black hole is called an accretion disk.
John Wheeler, a well-known theorist, compared observing these double-star systems to watching women in white dresses dancing with men in black tuxedos within a dimly lit ball- room. You see only the women, but you could predict the existence
Animal or plant What it can do How we could use it
Spider It can make strong silk without using dangerous orPoisonous chemicals. We could use it to make better seat belts and strongerwires to hold up bridges.
White Lotus It keeps its leaves clean using tiny hairs and needles. We could use the same technology to make paintthat would stay clean.
Butterfly The butterfly uses small parts on itswings to change its temperature. We could use the same method to keep computerscool.
of their invisible partners because of the women 's spinning and whirling( 旋转 ) motions around a central axis( 轴 ). Searching for stars whose motions are influenced by invisible partners is one way in which astronomers search for possible black holes.
The selection mainly tells us ___________.
Key: what a black hole looks like
Animal or plant What it can do How we could use it
Spider It can make strong silk without using dangerous orPoisonous chemicals. We could use it to make better seat belts and strongerwires to hold up bridges.
White Lotus It keeps its leaves clean using tiny hairs and needles. We could use the same technology to make paintthat would stay clean.
Butterfly The butterfly uses small parts on itswings to change its temperature. We could use the same method to keep computerscool.
( B )
Stephen Hawking in China
Stephen Hawking, the disabled author of A Brief History of Time is launching his second journey to China in Hang-Zhou of Zhejiang Province. His first visit was over 10 years ago.
The great theoretical scientist has been invited to attend a state-of-the-art mathematics research institute at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou-based Dushi Kuaibao reported.On Sunday evening, he made his debut at a press conference held at Shangri-La hotel, Hangzhou. Hawking appeared at about 5:00 p.m. with his wife.
The 50-year-old man answered a total of nine questions with the help of his computer."Experts in theoretical science are dispersed around the world but we need communication. I am very glad that the world's first-class conference is being held in China this time, "he said.
I find the real universe much more interesting than the one in the film Star Wars," Hawking joked. "I encourage young people to study theoretical physics first if they are interestedin it. Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied( 隐含 ) space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. These results indicated it was necessary to unify General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great scientific development of the first half of the 20th century.
One consequence ( 结果 ) of such a unification theorywould be that black holes would not be completely black, but emit( 防射 ) radiation and eventually evaporate( 蒸发 ) and disappear. Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time. This would imply that the way the universe began was completely determined by the laws of science.
But the talented man who has produced such rich work suffers serious Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (肌萎缩性脊髓索硬化)。 He is one of the 350,000 sufferers in the world. The disease kills over 100,000 people every year."I like life and I love life, my family and music give me the greatest happiness,” smiled Hawking, who can only move three fingers.
In the coming year, Hawking said he is scheduled to write a new edition of A Brief History of Time for young children.
"A Brief History of Time is my first book for common people. But I later found that I could write it in a more simple way," he answered. "So I decided to rewrite it so that all people can read it easily. "
(1)It is obvious that Hawking _________.
A. comes to China for the first time
B. has never been to China before
C. has been to China twice
D. hopes to come to visit China one day
(2)What do the underlined words“ are dispersed” in the fifth paragraph mean?
A. Live together.
B. Live far away from.
C. Know each other better.
D. Have connection with each other
Keys: (1) C (2) B
Reading guide to the text、
阅读本单元课文，完成下列各题：
§1.1 细枝末节
(Passage 1)
★1. Why did Stephen Hawking think：“There did not seemmuch point in working on my PhD”?
A．Because there was no point in being a PhD．
B．Because there was no hope of being a PhD．
C．Because he thought he would die soon．
D．Because he had no place to work．
★2. Hawking became famous in the 1970s because___________ .
A．he was disabled
B．he was a PhD
C．he was sitting in a famous chair
D．he made new discoveries about universe
★3. According to the passage，what does “an American accent ” mean?
A．Hawking' s accent．
B．Hawking’ s voice．
C．Sounds translated by the computer．
D．Accent of some British people．
(Passage 2)
★1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in Passage 2 ？
A．Copernicus． B．Stephen Hawking．
C．Zhang Heng． D．Thomas Alva Edison．
★2. What is Zhang Heng’ s invention?
A．Seismograph． B．Microscope．
C．Telescope． D．A map of the heavens．
★3. Which of the following can properly describe a great scientist?
A. curious, different B. curious，creative，imaginative
C．different，creative D．creative，imaginative
§1.2 主旨大意
★1. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of
Passage 1 ?
A．Hawking is famous for his new discoveries．
B．People should come to terms with their fate．
c．A scientific theory is always wrong．
D．Anyone with great determination will achieve his success．
★2. What’s the main idea of Passage 2 ?
A．It’s important and necessary for a scientist to make a
difference．
B．How scientists make a difference．
C．Everyone should make a difference．
D．People should believe themselves．
§1.3 推理判断
★1. From Passage 1，we can infer that _______ ．
A．Hawking got married to Jane Wilde before he fell ill
B．Science is always true
C．Hawking is an American
D．great scientists always want to know more
★2. From Passage 2，we can infer that _______ ．
A．Copernicus was famous for his microscope and telescope
B．Francis Bacon was a famous scientist
C．in the past，people only know the earth
D．Zhang Heng’ s seismograph worked at that time
Keys: CDCDA BDADD
Language points
1. within prep. 在……范围以内
adv. 在里面；在内心
eg: I shall be back within half an hour.
Stay within hearing distance of the house.
It wasn’t within my power to help her.
Outwardly, he repented, but within, he felt no remorse.
练习：
Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table ____ reach of little children.
A. into B.wihout C. within D. with [C]
1．Stay within hearing distance of the house．(英译汉)
2．They finally came within sight of the shore．(英译汉)
2.undertake vt.. make oneself responsible for;
agree(undertook;undertaken)
(1) 承担(某事物)，负起(某事物的责任)
eg：She undertook the organization of the whole scheme．
她负责整个计划的组织工作。
(2) 同意或答应做某事
eg：He undertook to finish the job by Friday．
他同意周五前完成工作。
【拓展】undertake是一个副词+动词型的合成动词，类似的有overhear(偷听，无意中听)，underline(在……下画线；强调)。
练习： Although she had enough free time．she didn't _______to
look after her sick mother．
A underline B understand
C underplay D．undertake [ D ]
3.
curious adj. eager，interested好奇的；好求知的
curiously adv． 好奇地，奇怪地
eg：be curious about sth．对某事感兴趣，好奇
be curious to do sth.
be curious + that从句
He was curious to know what would happen
他很想知道会发生什事。
I am curious why she was late for school．
我很想知道她为什么上学迟到。
She is too curious about her neighbors’business．
她太好管邻居的闲事。
They looked at her curiously．他们好奇地看着她
Curiously enough，he didn't like music．
说也奇怪，他并不喜欢音乐。
4. similar adj. like；of the same sort类似的，相似的
eg：We have similar opinions．我们都有类似的意见。
Similar triangles have equal angles．相似三角形有相等的角。
【拓展】be similar to和……相似，类似
eg：My opinions are similar to his．我的意见和他的意见相似。
5. represent v. sign，symbol or example of
(1) 代表，象征
eg：The rose represents England．玫瑰花是英格兰的象征。
(2) represent sth．(to sb．) 陈述某事物(作为抗议或申诉)
eg：They represented their hard life to the Governor．
他们向总督诉说他们的艰难生活。
练习：I will represent to him the risk he is running．(英译汉)
6. branch n. arm-like division of a tree；division of a river，road，railway etc．sub division of a family；subject of knowledge
(1)n．①树枝
eg：He climbed up the tree and hid among the branches．
他爬上树藏在树枝后面。
②(河流、公路、铁路或山脉的)分支，支线，支流
eg：a branch of the Rhine莱茵河的支流
③(家族的)分支；(知识的)分科
eg：His uncle's branch of the family emigrated to Australia．
他的家族中叔父这一支系已移居到澳大利亚。
④(属于某大公司或机构的)地方办事处或分店
eg： The bank has branches in all parts of the country．
该银行在全国各地设有分行。
(2)vi．①长出枝，长出分叉
eg：Most trees branch thickly in suitable enviroment．
大多数树木在适宜的环境里茂密地分出枝权。
②(道路)分岔
eg： The road branches after the level-crossing．
这条路在经过平面交叉道口后岔开了。
【警示】该词后不能接宾语，也不用于被动语态。
【拓展】(1)branch off(指车辆或大路)转人或转为小路
eg：The car in front of us suddenly branched off to the left．
我们前面的那辆汽车突然转入左边的小路上去了。
（2）branch out(into sth．)向新的方向扩展自己的活动或兴趣
eg：The company began by specializing in radios but has now decided to Jbranch out into computers．
该公司开始时专营无线电器材，现在已决定扩展业务经营计算机了。
练习：1.我们在各大城市都有分店。(汉译英)
2．Follow the main road to the end，and then take the road that branches off to the right．(英译汉)
7．Promise n.&v. written or spoken undertaking t0 do，or not to do sth..
(1) n. ①[C]承诺，诺言，契约
eg：He gave me a promise of helping me．他答应要帮助我。
Don't forget your promise to keep the secret for me．
不要忘记替我保守秘密的诺言。
【拓展】
give／make a promise许诺
keep a promise遵守诺言
break a promise违背诺言
eg：He made／gave a promise that he would buy a gift for me．
他许诺他会给我买份礼物。
Everyone should keep a promise．人人都要守信。
Don't make friends with one who always breaks a promise．
不要和总是不守信用的人交朋友。
②[U]指望，希望，前途eg：
He is an engineer of promise．他是有希望(前途)的工程师。
(2 ) v. ①有……的希望，恐怕(可能)会
eg：She promises to be a good wife．她渴望做个好太太。
警示】promising adj. 有希望、有前途的、前途光明的
eg：a promising actress 有前途的女演员
The weather is promising．天气可望好转。
②允诺，答应
that从句
promise sth.
sb. to do sth.
eg：They promised(us)that they would respect our decision．
他们答应会尊重我们的决定。
Promise(me)never to trouble me again． 答应(我)绝不再麻烦我。
【警示】 在promise sb．to do sth．结构中，to do的逻辑主语不是sb．而是主句的主语，而permit sb．to do sth．中to do的逻辑主语是sb．。请比较下面两个句子：．
He promised me to come earlier．他答应我他早点
He permitted me to leave． 他允许我离开。
7. survive v. continue to live or exist；live longer than；remain alive after
(1) 比……活得长
eg：She survived her husband for ten years．
她比她的丈夫多活了十年。
(2) 幸免于，从……中逃生
eg：The house survived the storm．
经过暴风雨袭击，这所房屋并未倒塌。
(3) 继续生存或存在
eg：Of the six people in the plane that crashed，only one survived．在失事飞机上的六个人，仅有一人幸存。
【警示】survive的名词为survivor，是通过去e，然后加or构成的，意为“生存者、残存者、生还者”而其他动词，很少有这样的构词形式
eg：love-lover爱人、恋人 save-saver救援者
8. engage v. be bound by a promise to marry；take part in；employ
(1)使(某人)订婚(多以过去分词当形容词用)
eg：
Mary engaged herself to a Frenchman．= Mary was engaged to a Frenchman．玛丽和一个法国人订了婚。
(2)从事于、忙于(多以过去分词当形容词用)
eg：He wants to engage(himself)in foreign trade．
他想从事对外贸易。
Please wait a minute；he is engaged just now．
请稍等一会，他正有事呢。
with sth．
【警示】‘‘忙于”可用be busy （in）doing sth.
eg：He was busy doing his homework．
而engage in后常用名词。
He was engaged in his homework．他正忙着(做)作业。
(4) 雇用，聘
eg：He engaged my sister as his secretary．
他聘用我妹妹当秘书。
【拓展】engage for保证，担保
eg：That's all I can engage for．我所能担保的仅此而已。
练习： They _______engaged for one year．Now they are engaged_______ preparation for the wedding．
A．were；to B．have been；to
C．became；in D．have been；in [ D ]
9.seek v. (1)寻找，探索，追求
eg：He is seeking an answer to the problem．
他正在寻找问题的答案。
He found it worthless to seek fame．
他发现追求名声是不值得的。
(2)征求，请求
eg：He sought his doctor's advice．他征求医生的意见。
【警示】"向某人寻求某事"seek sth．from sb．如用ask则表达为ask sb．for sth．
eg：You must seek permissions from the manager．
You must ask the manager for the permission．
你需请求经理批准。
(3)设法，试图(后常跟不定式)
eg：They are seeking to mislead us．
他们竭力误导我们。
He sought deceive his parents but in vain．
他试图欺骗双亲，但白费心机。
【拓展】①seek sb．／sth．out找出或找到某人／某物
eg：We sought her out to tell her of her success．
我们找到她，告诉她成功了。
②seek after／for寻找、探索、追求
eg：He is seeking after wealth and power and position．
他追求财富、权势和地位。
③be much sought after非常抢手，各方抢着要
eg：The critic is much sought after these day．
最近，那个评论家成了各方互相争抢的红人。
④seek one's fortune(习语)寻找致富及成功之道
练习：They______ punish him for his crime but he escaped．
A．seek to B．sought to
C．seek fo D．sought for [ B ]
10．Match v.& n. be equal to．be corresponding with；contest ,game
(1)v. ①与(某物)相配(尤指颜色)
eg：These curtains won't match your carpet．
这些窗帘和你那块地毯不相配。
②找到与……相似或相配的东西
eg：Can you match this wallpaper?
你能找到和这块壁纸相配的吗?
③与……相匹敌
eg：No one can match her at chess．下
国际象棋谁也比不上她。
【拓展】 match up一致，符合
match up to sb．／sth．与……同样好或相当
eg：The two statements don't match up．两份说明不相符。
The film didn't match up to my expectations．
这影片没有我想得那么好。
(3) n． ① 火柴
eg：a box of matches一盒火柴
② 比赛、竞赛eg：a football match足球比赛
【警示】
match v．“和……相配；和……相称；使较量”，一般指两样东西互相匹配或两人的能力势均力敌、互为对手。
Fit v. “使适合；使相配”，一般指衣服、鞋帽等合体、合身，强调大小、尺寸与某人的身材合适。
Suit v．“适合于；相配”，一般指气侯、食物、花色、款式、设计等适合某人.`
This hat matches your jacket perfectly．
这顶帽子跟你的夹克十分相配。
We must find carpets that'll match the curtain．
我们必须寻找可和这些窗帘搭配的地毯。
I can't match her at chess．我下棋比不上她。
The two pieces of furniture don't match．
这两件家具不搭配。
These shoes fit me very well．
这双鞋子我穿着大小正合适。
I don't think this jacket fits me；it's rather too small．
我想这件上衣不适合我，太小了。
This climate doesn't suit her．
这种气候不适合她。
Rich food doesn't suit my stomach．
油腻的食物不适合我的胃口。
The color of the dress suits her very well．
这衣物的颜色很适合她。
练习：This hat _____ your jacket perfectly．
A．suits B．makes
C．matches D．fits [ C ]
11. predict v. tell in advance预言，预报，报告
eg：The earthquake had been predicted several months before.
这次地震早在几个月以前 就发布了预报。
【警示】
predict + or --→ n.预言者、预报者、预测器
prediction n．预言，预报
Predictable adj. 可预言的，可预测的
eg：predictable behaviour可预料的行为
Do you take seriously his prediction of a government defeat．
他预料政府要受挫，你认为这话靠得住吗?
名词(词组)
12．
according to + 代词(词组)
according as + 从句
eg：You will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad．你将依照你工作成绩的好坏而受到奖惩。
According to my watch，it is 5 o'clock．
我的表显示的是五点钟。
Each man will be paid according to his ability.
每个人的工资将视其能力而定。
练习： He will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime．(英译汉)
13．turn out 结果(是)；证明(是)；原来(是)；后常接“(to be)+
adj./n.”，亦可接副词。
eg：If the day turns out wet，we may have to change our plans．
万一下雨的话，我们也许得改变计划。
The night turned out cold and rainy.
那个晚上结果是寒冷且下雨。
The rumor turned out(to be)true．
那谣言后来证明是真的。
The plan turns out well．
那项计划结果很圆满。
Ite turned out(to be)a spy．他竟然是一名间谍。
【警示】可构成句型：It turns out that…“结果是……；后来证实……”。
eg：It turns out that she has never been marrled．
结果是她根本没结过婚。
It turned out that two travellers had been killed．
后来证实有两位旅客丧生。
【拓展】
(1)turn into把……变成 (2)turn back往回走、折回
(3)turn down调低、关小、拒绝 (4)turn in交还、上缴
(5)turn off关掉 (6)turn on打开 (7)turn over翻转
(8)turn to翻到、转向……，求助 (9)turn up出现、到达
练习：We can go outing tomorrow．The wether will_____ fine．
A．turned up B．turned out
C．turned over D．turned down [ B ]
14.
patient adj. 有耐心的，能容忍的
n. 病人
patience n. 耐心、耐性、忍耐力
eg：You should be more patient with others．你应该多容忍他人一些。
The hospital has a lot of patients．那家医院患者很多。
This kind of work requires much patience．
这种工作需要很大的耐心。
【拓展】
lose／run out of one's patience 失去耐心
We have lost／run out of our patience after three hours’waiting．
三个小时的等待之后，我们失去了耐心。
15．make a difference 产生差别；有影响；起重要作用eg：
I admit that makes a difference．我承认那与众不同。
Yousupport will certainly make a difference in our cause．
你的支持当然会对我们的事业起作用。
【警示】常用it作形式主语，后接wh-从句。
eg：It makes a difference which you choose．
你选择哪一个，事关重大。
It makes no difference to me whether he goes or not．
不管他去或是不去，对我都无关紧要。
16. what if (1) 如果……怎么办，即使……又有什么关系
eg：What if they don't come? 如果他们不来怎么办?
What if he gets angry? 即使他生气又有什么关系?
What if they should be thieves? 如果他们是贼的话怎么办?
What if she finds out that you have lost her book?
倘使她发现你弄丢了她的书，怎么办?
What if we fail/failed/should fail？万一我们失败了，怎么办?
What if a storm should come up? 暴风雨要是来了怎么办?
What if I fail? 即使我失败了又能怎样?
(2)what if还可以用来表示“建议、邀请或要求”，从句中常用一般现在时或一般过去时。
eg：What if you join us for lunch？
【拓展】
(1)What is called所谓
(2)What about……怎么样
(3)What's more而且
17. laugh at
(1)因……而发笑 eg：
He laughed at the funny story．他听到那个有趣的故事而发笑。
(2)嘲笑eg：Don't laugh at a person who is in trouble．不要嘲笑陷于困境的人。
【拓展】①laugh away以笑消除 ②laugh down以笑打断／拒绝
18．punish vt．惩罚；处罚
The murderer was punished by death．
那杀人犯被处以死刑。
Drunken driving should be punished severely by the law．
酗酒开车应受到法律严惩。
He narrowly escaped being punished．他差一点受到惩罚。
【警示】
常用于punish sb．for doing sth．结构。
His father punished him for telling lies．
他父亲因他说谎而处罚他。
The teacher punished him for cheating on the exam．
老师因为他考试作弊而处罚他。
19．
use up
run out 用光，耗尽
run out of
We used up all the bread at breakfast．
早餐我们吃光了所有的面包。
Thev have used up their money．
=Their money has been used up．
他们把钱用光了。
We are running out of water．
=Water is being run out of．
=Water is running out．水快用完了。
All our supply of food has run out．
我们所有的存粮都用光了。
练习： With drink and food_______，the prisoner had to
walk out of the cave where he was hiding．
A．run out B．run out of
C．use up D．using up [ B ]
20．含point的几个句型及词组小结
to the point切题
when it comes to the point到了关键时刻
be on the point of doing sth.when
正要做某事时突然(发生另外一件事)
There is no point in doing sth. 做某事没有作用或没有意义
Point out 指出
练习：一--shall we have a talk with her and tried to persuade her not to see a movie tonight?
--There is no_______talking to her．She never listens．
A．good B．value C．point D．worth [ C ]
难点
1. Imagination is more important than knowledge．
想像力比知识更重要。
(1)在这个句子中，我们应注意more…than．．．的正确理解，汉语意思为“比……更……”。
eg： He works more and better than he used to．
他的工作比过去做得更好。
Some students think chemistry is more interesting than physics．
有些学生认为化学比物理更有意思。
(2)另外more…than…还可译作“与其……倒不如……”
eg：The child was more frightened than hurt．
这孩子的伤倒不算什么，只是受惊不小。
The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar．
这本书看来与其说是一本语法书，倒不如说是一本词典。
2. It takes a very unusual mind t0 undertake analysis of the obvious．
分析明显存在的事物需要非凡的头脑。
(1)在这个句中take作“需要，要求”讲。
eg：The journey from London to Oxford takes about an hour and a half．
从伦敦到牛津大约需要一个半小时。
It'll take a long time for her to recover from the illness．
她的病需要很长时间才能痊愈。
3．…they are studying something that is too large or too difficult to observe directly，…
他们正在研究一些太大或太难而无法直接观察到的东西。
too…to太……而不能／而没有
eg：He is too angry to speak．他太生气了，以致说不出话。
He went too late to see her．他去得太晚了而没有见到她。
但是，该句型有时却不表示否定，而表示肯定，有以下三种情况：
(1)如果too后为glad，pleased，happy，eager，anxious，willing，ready(甘心的、情愿的)，easy 等表示心情(情绪)的形容词时，该句型表示肯定意义，这时too相当于very。
eg：Mary is too willing to study Chinese．
玛丽很愿意学习汉语。
The old man is too easy to get angry．
那个老头很容易生气。
(2)当too前有副词only，but，a11修饰时，该句型也表示肯定意义。这时only(but，a11)too相当于very very，语气较强。
eg：I shall be only too pleased to come．我将非常高兴来。
We are but too glad to do s0．我们非常愿意这样做。
(3)如果too前有否定词never，not，即never／not too…to…的形式；或不定式前有not时，即too…not to do的形式，均表示肯定意义。
eg：This lesson is not too hard to understand．
这一节不太难，容易理解。
You are too clever not to learn English well．
你很聪明，能学好英语。
练习： He is careless find out all the errors in the composition．
A．too；to B．very；to
C．much；to D．rather；to
Grammar
一 不定式的用法
不定式由“to+动词原形”构成其否定形式是"not to do”。
不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，
没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。
to do 一般式
不定式的主动式有 to have done 完成式
to be doing 进行式
被动式最常用的是 to be done。
不定式的用法主要有：主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语,但不能作谓语。
1.作主语：不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。 例：To see is to believe．
It is right to give up smoking．
It is a great pleasure to talk with him.
It is important for us to learn English well.
It is kind of you to help me so much.
注意：
要想说明不定式的动作是由谁发出，可在不定式前加for sb.；但如果是形容词
careless, clever, foolish, good, impolite, kind, nice, silly, stupid 等作表语时用of sb.
2.作宾语：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。
eg：e wanted to go．
I find it interesting to work with him．
Most of them don't know how to solve the problem.
You can decide whether to stay at home or play football.
注意：
有些动词后如：know, decide, find out, show, learn, teach, tell, wonder 常用 动词+疑问词+不定式 的形式。
3.作定语: 一般放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。
eg：I have some books for you to read．
注意：
(1)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式
动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。
eg：He is looking for a room to live in．
There is nothing to worry about．
Please give me a knife to cut with．
但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。
eg：He had no money and no place to live．
(2)当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：
(1)Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?
(不定式to send的动作执行者是you)
②Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?
(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else)
4.作状语: 表示目的、原因、结果或条件
eg：I came here to see you．(目的)
We were very excited to hear the news．(原因)
He hurried to the school only to find nobody there．(only to…常表示未曾料到的结果)
To look at him，you would like him．(条件)
注意：
(1) 目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示。
eg：In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard.
We ran all the way so as not to be late．
(2)不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。
eg：I am very glad to hear it．
he question is difficult to answer．
(3)“too+形容词或副词+不定式”也作状语。
eg：He is too old to do that．
另外句子中有enough这个词时，常用不定式作状语。
eg： The room is big enough to hold us．
5.作宾语补足语
eg：He asked me to do the work with him．
(1)在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，let，
make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to，但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。
eg: I often hear him sing the song．
He is often heard to sing the song．
(2)动词不定式在介词but，except，besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。
eg：She could do nothing but cry．
What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go．
6.作表语
eg：My job is to help the patient．
7.作独立成分
eg： To tell the truth，I don't agree with you．
8.不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。
eg：He didn't know what to say．(宾语)
How to solve the problem is very important．(主语)
My question is when to start．(表语)
二 不定式的省略
在一定的语境中，为了避免重复，在某些词语的后面不定式可省略，但不定式to通常不能省略。
1. 形容词后不定式的省略。这类形容词有：happy，gIad，ready，eager，anxious等。
如：I’ ll be away on a business trip．Would you mind looking after my cat?
Not at all。I’ d be happy to．
2. 宾语补足语、主语补足语中不定式的省略。这类动词有lagk，teIl，order，persuade，advise，wish，permit，allow等。
如：The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to．
3. 动词后不定式的省略。这类动词有：like，love，hope，wish，mean，want，refuse，try，advise，persuade等。
如： Will you go to the theatre，Miss Brown?
Sorry．I don want to．
4. 在某些固定用法，如：ought to，have to，used to，be able to，be going to等后也可省略不定式。
如：一Alice，why didn’t you come yesterday?
一1 was going to，but I had an unexpected visitor．
注意：
有些动词后既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但含义不同。试比较：
go on doing sth．继续干同一件事
go on to do sth．接着干另外一件事
stop doing sth．停止干某事
stop to do sth．停下来去干某事
forget doing sth．忘记已干了某事
forget to d0 sth．忘记要干某事
remember doing sth．记得已经干了某事
remember to do sth．记住要干某事
try doing sth．试着干某事
try to do sth．设法干某事
mean doing sth．意味着干某事
mean to do sth．打算干某事
cant help doing sth．禁不住干某事
can't help(to)to sth．不能帮助干某事
regret doing sth．后悔干了某事
regret to do sth．因要做某事而感到遗憾
◇例题解析
1. She can’t help _______the house because she’s busy making a cake．
A．to clean B．cleaning
c．cleaned D．being cleaned (上海高考题)
[解析] 考查不定式作宾语。但不可因为思雏定势的影响而选择了B项。can’t help cleaning的意思是“忍不住要打扫”。与下文矛盾。本句句意是：她不能帮忙打扫房子，因为她忙于做蛋糕。can't help(to)do stll．表示“不能帮忙做某事”。[答案] A
2. When I handed the report to John，he said that George was the person______．(上海高考题)
A．to send B．for sending
C．to send it to D．for sending it to
[解析] 宾语从句还原则完成了send the report(it)to the person。当它变成不定式作定语则成了the person to send it(the report)to。 for 引导的短语不可作定语。[答案] C
3. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier，______ it more difficult．
A．not make B．not to make
C．not making D．do not make (全国高考题)
[解析] 所缺部分作目的状语：(目的是)使生活变得更容易。再根据一致原则，前面用不定式作表语，后面也应用不定式 作表语。[答案] B
4. Wang Tao was made_______ the dishes for a week as a punishment．
A．to wash B．washing C．wash D．to be washing
[解析] 不定式在使役动词 make 后作宾语补足语时不带to，但如果make变为被动语态,不定式就成了主语补足语，就须加上to。 [答案】 A
5. The chair looks rather hard，but in fact it is very comfortable to________.
A．sit B．sit on
C．be sat D．be sat on (全国高考题)
[解析] 不定式to sit on用作状语，要用主动形式。sit为不及物动词，故应加上一个介词on。[答案] B
6. 一--The light in the office is still on．
一-- 0h，I forgot_______．
A．turning it off B．turn it off
C．to turn it off D．having turned it off (全国高考题)
[解析] “我忘了关灯”，“关灯”这个动作并未发生.[答案] C
7. 一You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting．
一 Well, now I regret_________ that．
A．t0 d0 B．to be doing
C．to have done D．having done (全国高考题)
[解析] “我现在后悔在会上提反对意见了”，可见“提意见”的动作已发生。[答案] D
8. 一 I usually go there by train．
一 Why not______ by boat for a change?
A. to going B．trying to go ‘
c. to try and go D．try going (全国高考题)
[解析] 对方建议为什么不换一种方式，乘船试一试。[答案] D
9.In some parts of London，missing a bus means______ for another hour．(2002年上海春季高考题)
A．waiting B．to wait
C．wait D．to be waiting
[解析] mean doing sth．表示“意思是／意味着……”之意。[答案]A
10. We agreed______ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet．
A．having met B．meeting
C．to meet D．to have met (全国高考题)
[解析] agree后要求接不定式作宾语。[答案] C
11. Little Jim should 1ove________to the theatre this evening．
A．to be taken B．to take
C．being taken D. taking (全国高考题)
[解析] would like／love 后只接不定式，一般不能接动名词。Jim 和take 间存在被动关系，故用不定式的被动形式。[答案] A
12. He gave me this strange object for my birthday and I don't know_______.
A．it what to do with B．what to do it with
C．what to do with it D．to do what with it
[解析] 该题考查名词词组作用的“疑问词+不定式”的用法。根据句意和结构，空白处应填“疑问词+不定式”结构，作know的宾语。do with 在此意为“利用”、“使用”。[答案] c
13. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us
has a role_______ in making the earth a better place to live．
A．to have played B．to play
C．to be played D．to be playing(2003年上海春招题)
[解析] 本题考查动词不定式作后置定语的用法。这里是不定式作定语，修饰a role。但要注意不定式的不同形式表达不同含义。to have played表示完成；to be playing表示进行;play表示将来；to be played表被动关系。根据句意“她会告诉我们为什么她这样强烈地感觉到：在使地球成为更美好的居住地中，我们每个人起到一定作用。”是表示将来。
再者要注意当动词不定式与所修饰的名词之间为动宾关系，同时与句子主语为主谓关系时，动词不定式用其主动形式表示被动意思，故排除c项。由题干从句中时态来看，为一般现在时(has arole)，故此处表示“起作用”，并非已完成的动作或正在起作用，故排除A、D两项。[答案] B
◇语法专练
1. ________your spoken English，you must do more practice．
A．Improving B．To improve
C．Improved D．To have improved
2. The girl pretended________ when her father came back．
A．to sleep B．to be slept
c．to asleep D．to be asleep
3. It’s careless________ the same mistake in your composition．
A．for you to make
B．for you making
c．of you to make
D．of you making
4. At first I had some trouble with my car but finally I managed________．
A．to get starting it
B．it to get started
c．to get it started
D．getting it started
5. Li Ming is always the first ______to school and the last________.
A．of coming；of 1eaving
B．comes；leaves
C．to come；to leave
D．coming；1eaving
6. Tom kept silent about the accident________ 1ose his job．
A．So not as to B．so as not to
C．So as to not D．not so as to
7. All she could do was________ back home and________ her stepmother．
A．going；faced B．go；face
C．went；faced D．going；face
8. Tom ought not to________ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A．have to1d B．tell
c．be telling D．having told
9. Rather than _____ on a crowded bus，he always prefers______ a bicycle.
A．ride；ride B．riding；ride
c．ride；to ride D．to ride；riding
10. The boy doesn’ t have to be made_______．He always works hard．
A．1earn B．to 1earn
c．1earned D．1earning
答案
1.B 剖析：不定式放在句首作目的状语。
2.D 剖析：要做好本题有两点，一是pretend+to do，二是假装的，是入睡的状态。易误：若弄不清是假装入睡的动作还是状态而误选A。
3.C 剖析：先了解 It’s + 带有褒贬意义的形容词后接 of sb．to do sth．。易误：若不知上述规律误选A。
4.C 剖析：先知道 manage to do sth．结构，再者 get 是接宾补结构。
5.C 剖析：定冠词the+序数词结构后用不定式作定语。
6.B 剖析：本题考查的是不定式的否定式，在to前加not。
7.B 剖析：不定式作表语，且主语中有实意动词 do 时，作表语的不定式中要省略 to。
8.A 剖析：在此，ought not to=shouldn’t，而 should have done 结构则表示对过去情况责备，从后句中的 meant 知是过去情况，故符合题意。易误：若不知是过去情况则易误选B。
9.C 剖析：要做对此题，必需具备的知识是rather than + 动词原形，prefer to + 动词原形。
10.B 剖析：make用于被动句时，要还原原来的to。易误：若看见make就想到make sb．do sth．而想不到被动结构的特殊性,则易误选A.
Exercises
一、单项填空
1. The actress who had been thought highly of _____ to be a great disappointment.
A. turned down B. turned in
C. turned out D. turned up
2. I've visited a lot of different places and stayed in lots of different hotels, but none of them ______ this one.
A. makes B. beats C. compares D. matches
3. This is a disease that can result in total blindness _____ left untreated.
A. after B. if C. since D. unless
4. It is impossible for anyone _____ these photographs before, because Mr. Newman had them developed today.
A. saw B. to have seen
C. to see D. seeing
5. It would be worth trying _____ you should not get immediate success.
A. unless B. whether
C. as if D. even though
6. --Is it my age _____the boss minds?
--I'm afraid not. He will consider_______ necessary to have
an experienced assistant.
A. which ;it B. that ;it C. which; that D. that; that
7. He got to the station only _____ the train had gone.
A. and told B. telling C. told D. to be told
8. For some time _____, they foretold that with the increased production ________ possible by new technology, cars would become much cheaper.
A. coming; made B. coming; making it
C. to come ; made D. to come; was made
9. The market for used computers is getting larger and larger as the years______.
A. get on B. run on
C. push on D. go on
10. Some of the students have already learned enough English to _________ a conversation with an English speaker.
A. go on B. carry on C. keep on D. hold on
11. --If he works harder, he ______ to succeed in medicine.
--Yes. He is _______ diligent than clever.
A. hopes ; much more B. wishes; no more.
C. promises ; more D. will be able ; would rather
12. After much_____, Harry was chosen captain of the football team.
A. debate B. bargain C. defeat D. defence
13. I didn't see Professor Johnson yesterday because he was_______ in writing a repoft．
A．engaged B．managed C．busied D．required
14. There’s no point_______ further．It won't help much．
A．on explaining B．to explain
C．of explaining D．in explaining
15. --Are you_______ with the achievements yOU have made?
一--Of course，they show my efforts at least．
A．similar B．satisfied C．curious D．pleasant
16. Her dream_______ China has come true at last with the help of her grandfather．
A．to visit B．in visiting
C．visiting D．of visiting
17. We_______an answer to the question，but couldn't find one．
A．sought B．searched C．explored D．looked
18. The old man took a cup of tea，and went on_______ his story．
A．towards B．to C．for D．with
19．He faIled in the mid-term exam but he ______his father_______next time．
A．permitted；to pass B．permitted；passing
C．promised；to pass D．promised；passing
20．We agreed ______ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet．
A．having met B．meeting
C．to meet D．to have met
[答案] CDBDD BDCBC CAADB DADAC
二、短文改错
The lights were red，but the old man stopped his 1.--
car and waited them to change to green．While he was 2.--
waiting，a police car came up，hitting his car in 3.--
its back and then stopped．There were
two policemen 4.--
in the police car，and they were surprising and glad 5.--
when the old man got out of his car and walked 6.--
towards them with any trouble after such an accident． 7.--
He was over 70 year old．The o1d man came to the 8.--
door of the police car，smiled kind and said，“Tell me, 9.--
young men, how do you stop this car unless
the lights are red and I’m not here？” 10.--
[答案]
1. and 2. for 3. hit 4.the 5.surprised
6. 正确 7. without 8. years 9.kindly 10. if