基础知识
SB3A Units13-16
一 . 知识菜单
( 一 ) 常用单词
1. reception considerate cigar splendid coincidence tension elegant prescription drawer theft religious enquiry assistance vital guilty convince assume cancel meanwhile remark innocent commit straightforward humorous ant bee transparent dot apparent sideways precise adequate clarify fetch upward disgusting psychology adaptation camel primitive missile session annual acknowledge elder eyesight beneficial communist eager timetable starve adjustment jeans uniform casual shopkeeper recent whereas possess barber typist receptionist greengrocer astronaut adore vacant outstanding assess salary flexible occupation instant nevertheless shortly drawback applicant accommodation addition qualification modest arithmetic paperwork draft
2. astonish/ astonished/ astonishing/ astonishment
3. stain vt./ n.
4. surrounding/ surround/ surrounded
5. troop vi./ n.
6. semicircle/ circle
7. maximum/ minimum
8. changeable/ change/ changing/ changed
9. breathless/ breath/ breathe
10. weekly/ daily/ monthly/ yearly
11. satisfaction/ satisfy/ satisfied/ satisfying/ satisfactory
12. worthwhile/ worth/ worthy
13. mature adj./ vt./ vi.
14. chef/ cook/cooker
15. accountant/ account
16. adviser/ advise/ advice
17. personnel/ person
常用词组
1. get hold of
2. tell…apart/ tell…between…and
3. over and over again/ again and again
4. come to light
5. as a matter of fact/ in fact/ actually
6. straight away
7. fit in(with)
8. due to/ thanks to / owing to/ because of
9. in many respects
10.keep/ get in touch with
11. up to date/ out of date
12. hold back
13. send off
( 二 ) 重点语法: Integrative language practice
二. 疑难点拨
1. astonish
vt.
使吃惊,使惊讶
We were astonished at the news of her sudden death.
她突然去世的消息使我们震惊。
He gave her an astonished look.
他惊异地看了她一眼。
比较：amaze
vt.
使大为惊奇,使惊愕,使惊叹
I was amazed at/by your performance.
你的演出使我赞叹不已。
Your knowledge amazes me.
你的学识使我惊叹不已。
2. guilty
adj.
1.) 有罪的,犯...罪的[(+of)]
be guilty of a crime 犯了罪
He was found guilty.
他被判有罪。
2.) 有过失的[(+of)]
The manager was guilty of an important misjudgment.
经理犯了一个重大的判断错误。
3.) 自知有过错的,内疚的
I felt guilty after breaking my promise.
我违背诺言后感到内疚。
3. stain
vt.
1.) 沾污,污染[(+with)]
His teeth are stained with years of smoking.
他的牙齿因长年吸烟而变黄了。
Blood stained the blanket.
血沾污了毯子。
2.) 玷污,败坏
His crimes stained the family honor.
他的罪行玷污了家庭的名誉。
3.) 给(木材,玻璃等)染色,给...着色
She stained the table brown.
她将桌子涂成了棕色。
vi.
变脏;被沾污
His character is without stain.
他的人品纯洁无瑕。
These carpets won't stain easily.
这些地毯不易弄脏。
n.
污点,污迹,瑕疵[C]
He's got an ink stain on his shirt.
他衬衫上有块墨渍。
4. convince
vt.
使确信,使信服;说服[(+of)]
He convinced me of his innocence.
他使我相信他是无辜的。
I was convinced that he knew the truth.
我确信他知道事实。
5. cancel
vt.
1.) 删去,划掉;勾销,盖销(邮票等)
You should cancel this preposition in the sentence.
你应该删去句子中的这个介词。
2.) 取消,废除;中止
The game was cancelled because of the rain.
比赛因为下雨而取消了。
vi.
1.) 互相抵消
The $5 I owed him and the $5 he owes me cancel out.
他与我各欠对方五元,正好相互抵消。
2.) 取消;中止
n.[C]
删除;取消;撤销
6. meanwhile
n.
其时,其间[the sing.]
In the meanwhile I'll visit an old friend of mine.
在这期间我将去拜访我的一位老朋友。
adv.
其间;同时
Mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the house.
母亲去买东西;我打扫屋子。
7. innocent
adj.
1.) 无罪的,清白的[(+of)]
He was pronounced innocent of the charge.
他被宣告无罪。
2.) 无害的
The butterfly is an innocent insect.
蝴蝶是一种无害的昆虫。
3.) 天真的,单纯的;幼稚的;头脑简单的,愚钝的
Don't be so innocent as to believe everything he says.
不要这么天真,竟相信他所说的一切。
8. commit
vt.
1.) 犯(罪),做(错事等)
I committed an error in handling the business.
我在处理这一业务时犯了一个错误。
2.) 使承担义务;使作出保证;使表态[(+to)]
He didn't commit himself to anything.
他没有作任何承诺。
3.) 把...交托给;把...提交给;把...付诸[(+to)]
The child was committed to the nurse's care.
孩子被交给护士照顾。
4.) 把...押交;把...判处[(+to)]
The judge committed him to ten years' imprisonment.
法官判处他十年徒刑。
9. get hold of
抓住，找到
How soon can you get hold of that young man?
你多快可以找到那个年轻人？
类似的词组：catch/ seize hold of抓住 lay hold of/on = take hold of握住，控制住
10. tell…apart
分辨
Can you tell the twin sisters apart?
你分得清这两个孪生姐妹吗?
11. surrounding
n.
环境;周围的事物[pl.]
He didn't pay much attention to his surroundings.
他没有多注意他周围的环境。
adj.
周围的;附近的
Foxes started coming in from the surrounding countryside.
狐狸开始从附近的乡下跑进来。
12. troop
n.[C]
1.) 军队,部队[pl.]
The enemy troops withdrew.
敌军撤退了。
2.) 一群;大量,许多[(+of)]
The old man was surrounded by a troop of children.
老人被一群孩子围住了。
A troop of children rushed in and chased each other noisily.
一群小孩冲进来,喧闹地彼此追逐。
vi.
1.) 群集,集合[(+up/together)]
2.) 成群结队地走
They all trooped into the meeting.
他们都成群结队前去参加会议。
13. come to light
暴露,真相大白
The puzzled thing came to light when the politician was seen with the lady.
当有人看到那位政客跟那位女士在一起时, 那件让人不解的事就真相大白了。
A political scandal has recently come to light.
最近一桩政治丑闻暴露出来。
14. fetch（双向）
vt.
1.) (去)拿来;去拿...给
Fetch your supper yourself, Robert.
罗伯特,你自己去拿晚餐吧。
2.) 去请...来,接...去
Yes, I've come to fetch you.
是的,我来接你。
比较：carry, bring和take
carry（没有方向）
vt.
1.) (用手、肩等)挑,抱,背,提,扛,搬,运送,运载;搬运
David went in, carrying his suitcase.
戴维提着手提箱走了进去。
We carried the boxes into the room.
我们将箱子搬进室内。
The city subways carry hundreds of thousands of passengers a day.
市内的地铁每天运载数十万乘客。
2.) 携带,佩带
I never carry much money with me.
我身上从来不带太多的钱。
bring (从别的地方把人或物带到说话人说在的地方)
vt.
带来,拿来
The waitress brought us a pitcher of lemonade.
服务员小姐给我们送来一壶柠檬水。
Please don't forget to bring your grammar books next time.
下次请别忘记带你们的语法书来。
take (与bring方向相反)
vt.
1.) 拿走,取走;夺取,占领
Don’t forget to take your bag with you.
别忘了把你的书包随身带走。
The airport had been taken by daybreak.
天亮前机场就被攻占了。
2.) 带去;带领
Dad took us to the museum last Friday.
上星期五爸爸带我们去博物馆。
15. changeable
adj.
1.) 易变的;不定的
His temper's been changeable this week, so don't annoy him.
这星期他脾气变化无常,所以不要惹他生气。
2.) 可改变的,可能被改变的
3.) 闪光的;闪色的
changeable silk
闪光丝绸
-able 常附在动词或名词的后面构成形容词，表示“可…..的”，“能……的”。以able 为后缀的单词常见的还有：eatable, suitable, bearable, saleable, washable, loveable, debatable, breakable
16. weekly/ daily/ monthly/ yearly既是形容词又是副词，还可以是名词。
大多数以结尾的词是副词，但部分是形容词，主要有：
brotherly, sisterly, motherly, manly, womanly, kingly, queenly，lonely, lovely, unseemly, friendly kindly, gentlemanly
17. satisfaction
n.
1.) 满意,满足;称心[U][(+with/at)]
He smiled in satisfaction when he won the race.
他赢得赛跑后满意地笑了。
2.) 快事,乐事;愉快[C][sing.]
Playing tennis is one of his greatest satisfactions.
打网球是他最大的乐趣之一。
比较：satisfactory / satisfied (adj.)
satisfactory差强人意的;符合要求的;良好的 （指对事物的满意状态，不用来指人）
Of all the pens he tried, only one was satisfactory.
在他所试的笔中,只有一支是令人满意的。
Your son’s work is satisfactory, but he could do better.
你儿子的工作做得不错，但他还能作得更好。
satisfied感到满意的; 令人满意的; 满足的
He had a satisfied expression on his face.
他脸上露出满意的神情。
Most of the people were completely satisfied with the result.
大多数人对结果都非常满意。
18. eager
adj.
1.) 热心的,热切的
He looked around the circle of eager faces.
他看了看四周热切的脸庞。
2.) 渴望的,急切的 [(+for)][+to-v][+(that)]
She is eager for success.
她渴望成功。
Maggie was eager to visit me.
麦琪急于来看我。
The committee is eager that all the workers should come on time.
委员们热切希望所有的工人按时上班。
比较：anxious
adj.
1.) 焦虑的,挂念的[(+about/at/for)]
I'm anxious about her safety.
我对她的安全担心。
2. )令人焦虑的
The week of the flood was an anxious time for all of us.
闹水灾的那一星期是使我们大家都焦虑不安的日子。
3.) 渴望的 [(+for)][+to-v][+that]
We're anxious for your safe return.
我们盼望你平安归来。
We were anxious that there be no misunderstanding.
我们极愿没有误解。
I could see that she was anxious for Laura to go.
我看得出她巴望劳拉去。
I'm really anxious to see him.
我急于见他。
19. worthwhile
adj.
1.) 值得花费时间(或金钱)的,值得做的
It proved worthwhile to make the trip.
此行证明是值得的。
2.) 有真实价值的
You'd better spend your time on some worthwhile reading.
你最好把时间花在读一些有价值的书上。
比较：worth 和worthy
worth可以用作名词和介词。作名词时，为不可数名词，表示“价值”或“（值某价额的）数量”。
Give me five yuan’s worth of twenty-fen and fifty-fen stamps.
给我五元的两角和五角的邮票。
He bought two dollars’ worth of sugar.
他买了二元钱的糖。
The furniture is of little worth.
这些家具没有什么价值。
worth 作介词时，只能用作表语，与be 连用，其后常跟钱数或相当于钱数的词，表示 “值多少钱”；跟v-ing 形式表示“值得（做）……主动形式表被动。
It is worth much more than I paid for it.
它的价值远远超过我所付的钱。
She’s not worth getting angry with. = It is not worth getting angry with her. （It作形式主语）
犯不上跟她生气。
The picture is worth looking at. = It is worth looking at the picture. （It作形式主语）
这幅画值得一看。
worth 前面的表示程度的修饰语一般用well ，不用very。
The story is well worth listening to.
这故事很值得一听。
worthy
adj.
1.) 有价值的;可尊敬的;相称的
She is willing to donate money to a worthy cause.
她愿为高尚的事业捐款。
2.) 值得的,配得上的,足以...的 [(+of + n. )][+to-v] [(+of + being done)]
The cause is worthy of our continued support.
这一事业值得我们继续不断的支持。
She is worthy to receive such honor. (主动形式)
她应该得到此荣誉。
She is worthy to be chosen. (被动形式)
她值得当选。
This novel is worthy of being translated.
这部小说值得翻译。
worth和 worthy 在表示“值得”这一意思时，其句型结构可以互相转换。
You are worth praising.
You are worthy of praise.
You are worthy to be praised.
You are worthy of being praised.
你值得表扬。
20. starve
vi.
1.) 饿死;挨饿
The explorers starved to death in the desert.
探险者们在沙漠中饿死了。
2.) 【口】饿得慌
Let's get something to eat; I'm starving.
我们吃点东西吧;我饿坏了。
3.) 渴望;极需要[(+for)]
The plants are starving for water.
这些植物极需要水。
21. fit in (with)
1.） 适合
fit in with the need of…适合……的需要
2.） 与...一致;使与...一致
fit in with other employees与其他雇员配合
22. mature
adj.
1.) 成熟的;酿熟的;成年人的
This is the most mature of his plays.
这是他最成熟的一部剧作。
She has the figure of a mature woman.
她有成年女性的体型。
2.) 稳重的;慎重的,周到的
Can't you behave in a mature way?
你的举止不能稳重一点吗?
vi.
变成熟;长成;酿成
Wine and judgement mature with age.
酒陈味香,人老识深。
vt.
1.) 使成熟;使长成
Her responsibilities matured her at an early age.
她肩负的责任使她早熟。
2.) 慎重作出;使完善
He matured his plans for the long trip.
他为这次长途旅行仔细地作了计划。
23. casual
adj.
1.) 偶然的,碰巧的
My car had stalled and I sought help from casual passers-by.
我的车发动不起来了,我就向碰巧路过的人求助。
2.) 随便的,漫不经心的
He tried to appear casual.
他试图显得随便一点。
3.) 临时的,不定期的
He worked as a casual laborer and did not earn much.
他当临时工,没有赚多少钱。
24. adore
vt
1.) 崇拜,崇敬;敬重
People adore him for his noble character.
人们因他人格高贵而敬重他。
2.) 爱慕,热爱
We adore our sisters and brothers.
我们爱自己的兄弟姐妹。
3.) 【口】极喜欢[+v-ing]
She adores going to the theater.
她就是爱看戏。
I adore chocolate.
我非常喜欢巧克力。
25. personnel
n.[G]
1. )(总称)人员,员工
All personnel of the company are eligible for the retirement plan.
公司所有员工都有资格参加这项退休计划。
2. )人事部门; 人事科(或室等)[U]
Please contact the personnel director for benefit information.
有关福利方面的情况请与人事课长联系。
26. send off
寄出；发出；派遣；解雇；给……送行
You fill in both parts of the form, then send it off.
你把表格的两部分都填好,然后寄出。
和send 有关的常见词组：send away 发送掉；解雇 send back 退还，送还
send for 派人去请；召唤 send forth发出；放出（光、热等）
send out 发送出，派遣；放出，散发出 send up发射；长出
send的用法：
1) send sb. sth.= send sth. to sb.把某物送给或寄给某人，可以主语派人送，也可以亲自送
Did they send any message by you?
他们托你给我捎了什么信儿了吗？
Can you send me the bill before the end of the month?
你能在月底以前把帐单给我送来吗？
2) send for sb./ sth. 派人去叫某人，派人去拿某物
Now please send for a taxi.
现在请派人叫出租车来。
Please keep these things until I send for them.
请替我保管这些东西，等我派人来取。
3) send sb./ sth. to运输某人/某物去（某处），派某人去某地
They send their product to Beijing for sale.
他们把产品运往北京销售。
We will send him to America for further study.
我们要送他去美国深造。
4) send sb. to do 派某人去做（某事）
We’ll send someone to fetch it.
我们将派人去取。
They will send him to work in the countryside.
他们将派他去农村工作。
5) send sb. doing 使某人做某事(cause sb. to do)
Mind how you go---- you nearly sent me flying.
小心点，你差点把我撞倒。
They killed 38 enemies and sent the rest fleeing.
他们打死38个敌人，其余的都逃窜了。