第二单元●教学参考资料
Lesson 5
1.Do you mind if I smoke? 我抽烟你介意吗?
Would you mind if I smoked in the office next door? 我到隔壁办公室里抽烟你介意吗?
Do/Would you mind if…? 常用来表示“请求许可”的意思。句中的mind作“介意”、“反对”解,全句可以直译为“如果……,你反对吗?”。注意:如果用Would you mind if…?,从句中就要用虚拟语气,如第二句中的if I smoked。又如:
Do you mind if I open the window? (or, Would you mind if I opened the window?) 我打开窗子好吗?
Do you mind if I take one of these books? (or, Would you mind if I took one of these books?)这些书中我拿一本好吗?
对于这些问句的回答要特别注意。假如在答语里表示愿意(也就是不反对),该说Certainly not或Of course not, 或说No(但不普通)。在答语里如果表示不愿意(也就是反对),说Yes当然不错,但习惯上不说Yes,却说I'm sorry…. 等。如课文这个对话:
Wang Bing: Do you mind if I smoke?
Hank: I'm sorry, but it's not allowed. 对不起,这是不允许的。(如果可以抽烟,就说:Certainly not. I don't mind it at all. )
Do/Would you mind…? 之后除了跟if从句外,还可以跟-ing形式,在-ing之前还可以有人称代词宾格或物主代词,即:Do/would you mind (one/one's)-ing…? 用来请求允许,或请求别人作某事。例如:
Do you mind (me/my) asking you a few questions? 我想请教您几个问题好吗?
Would you mind my turning off the light? 我把灯关掉好吗?
Would you mind giving me a glass of water? 请你给我一杯水好吗?
Would you mind waiting for him a few minutes? 请你等他几分钟好吗?
这类问句的答语仍遵循上述规则。
2.“I wonder if I could use your phone. ”----“Sure. Go ahead. ”“我能不能用一下你的电话?”--“好的。你用吧。”
I wonder if I can/could do sth. 是请求允许的交际用语,表示请求对方允许自己干某事的意思。其中的wonder是动词,作“想知道”解,后跟if/whether从句。这个句子直译是:我想知道我是否可以用你的电话。用could比用can在语气上更委婉一些。对于这个请求,如果作肯定回答,则用:
Sure. Go ahead. 好的,请吧。
Yes. Please do. 好的,请吧。
Of course. /Sure. 当然可以。
如果作否定回答,则用:
I'm sorry, but…. 对不起,……
I'm afraid not. 恐怕不行吧。
You'd better not. 最好不。
No, please don't. 不行。
例如:
“I wonder if I could turn off the light. ”----“Sure. Go ahead. ”“我把灯关掉好吗?”--“好的,关吧。”
“I wonder if I could smoke here. ”----“I'm sorry, but it is not allowed. ”“我在这儿抽烟好吗?”--“对不起,这儿不让抽烟。”
3. I'll be back in half an hour. 我半小时后就回来。
注意,本句中的in作“以后”解,不能用after代替。
after和in都可以表示“以后”的意思,其区别是:
1)after以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间以后,常用于过去时态的句子。例如:
They started working after lunch. 他们是午餐后开始工作的。
The film was shown after the meeting. 电影是会议结束以后放的。
2)in以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子。如:
They will start working in half an hour. 他们将在半小时后开始工作。
The film will be shown in 2 or 3 days. 这部电影将在两三天后上映。
3)在某个特定的时间以后,after也可用于将来时态的句子。例如:
They will start working after 10 am. 他们将在上午10点以后开始工作。
The film will be shown after 4 o'clock. 这部电影将于4点以后上映。
Lesson 6
1.背景资料
1)世界无烟日
由世界卫生组织发起,从1988年开始,每年的5月31日被定为“世界无烟日”。其目的在于敦促各国政府、社区、组织及个人,特别是青年,意识到烟草引起的诸多问题,并采取适当行动来制止吸烟这种有害行为。每年一度的世界无烟日都有一个鲜明的主题,体现了纲领性、延续性、针对性和可操作性的统一。
2)吸烟的危害性
吸烟的危害是到本世纪四五十年代才开始明了的。如今已确切证明,烟草中含尼古丁、焦油、苯并芘等十多种有毒物质。正是这些物质侵蚀着肌体,从而引发和恶化多种严重疾病:各类癌症、肺炎、肺气肿、支气管炎、骨质疏松、各种心脏病、哮喘及过敏性疾病等。
对于吸烟给人们造成的危害,世界卫生组织每年都有详尽的统计数字。90年代,全球每年患癌症人数为850万,死亡600万,死亡者中40%是因吸烟所致。如果加上吸烟引发其它疾病导致的死亡,全世界每年死于吸烟的人约为300万。吸烟者患肺癌的死亡率是不吸烟者的8. 4倍。每天吸一包烟的妇女患宫颈癌的危险比不吸烟女性增加1. 5倍;女性不育症患者中至少1/4由吸烟引起(烟草中毒使精子与卵子结合的机会减少1/3);吸烟女性患心血管病、肺癌、口腔癌等病的比例比不吸烟女性高1到2倍。
烟雾还对被动吸烟者造成危害。这种危害数量大、范围广。根据研究,被动吸烟者健康和生命所受到的危害是主动吸烟者的1. 5-3倍,数量大得多。吸烟妇女所生的畸形儿是不吸烟妇女所生畸形儿的2. 5倍。在家庭中受到被动吸烟危害的孩子往往焦躁好斗、智商偏低,易患癌症、心血管病、中耳炎、呼吸系统疾病。
世界卫生组织于1996年发表的文告指出:如果全世界保持当前香烟消费水平,估计从现在到2020年全球每年因吸烟而死亡的人数将达到1000万,其中发展中国家约占70%。
2.课文中表示“因……而死亡”的意思有以下句子:
1)Every year, millions of smokers die because of illnesses which are caused by smoking tobacco. 每年有数以百万计的人因吸烟引起的疾病而死亡。
2)This is because each year millions of smokers die from the habit. 这是因为每年有数以百万计的烟民因吸烟而死去。
3)The chance is that one smoker in four will die from smoking. 每四个烟民中就有一人可能因吸烟而死去。
4)The problem is that 300 people are dying each day from illnesses caused by smoking. 问题在于每天都有300人死于因吸烟而引起的疾病。
第1)句die because of illnesses也可以说die of illnesses, 意思相同。die of常指由于疾病、情感等原因造成的死亡。又如:
“What did he die of?”----“He died of hunger/grief. ”“他是什么原因死的?”--“他是因为饥饿/忧伤而死的。”
第2)、3)、4)句都是用die from…表示“由于……而死”的意思。die from一般指除了疾病或情感以外的原因造成的死亡,如第2)句中的die from the habit和第3)句中的die from smoking。但有时也可以用来指由于疾病的原因而造成的死亡。如第4)句中的dying…from illnesses。又如:
He died of/from lung cancer. 他死于肺癌。
3.First, money is spent looking after people with illnesses which have been caused by smoking. 第一,(政府)要花钱照顾因吸烟而患病的人。
表示“花钱/时间干某事”可用下列句型:Somebody spends (time/money) doing something. 本句是用它的被动语态。例如:
The children spent the whole afternoon doing their homework. 孩子们花了整个下午做家庭作业。
The teacher spent a whole day correcting students' homework. 老师花了整整一天来批改学生的家庭作业。
1, 500 US dollars was spent repairing the house. 花了1,500美元来修缮房屋。
Lots of money is spent looking after sick people each year. (政府)每年要花大量的钱照顾病人。
4.The bedclothes catch fire and the whole house may be burnt down. 铺盖着了火,整个房子都可能烧掉。
1)catch fire 表示“着火”、“起火”的意思,除此之外还可用be on fire或set… on fire 来表示。但catch fire有动态的含意,be on fire有静态的含意。例如:
The theatre caught fire last night; firefighters were sent immediately. 昨晚剧院起火了,立即派出了消防队员。
Look, the theatre is on fire! Let's go and help. 瞧,剧院着火了,咱们去帮忙救火吧。
set … on fire是“使……着火”、“放火烧……”的意思。例如:
He is the very person that set the theatre on fire. 他正是放火烧剧院的那个人。
2)短语动词burn down作“烧毁”、“烧掉”解。例如:
The angry people burnt the house down. 愤怒的人们把那栋房屋烧掉了。
Lots of wooden houses were burnt down in a big fire last night. 大量木头房子在昨晚的大火中烧毁了。
5.China produces one third of the world's cigarettes. 中国生产的香烟占全世界香烟的三分之一。
注意英语中分数的表达法:
1/2 a (one) half 二分之一
1/3 one third 三分之一
1/4 a (one) quarter 四分之一
1/5 one fifth 五分之一
1/6 one sixth 六分之一
但 3/4 three quarters 四分之三
2/5 two fifths 五分之二
注:除1/2和1/4分别由a (one) half 和a (one) quarter 来表示外,分数的构成通常是分子用基数词,分母用序数词。如果分子大于1,则分母用序数词的复数形式,如2/5 (two fifths), 3/4 (three quarters)。
6.Every year, tobacco companies must persuade new people to start smoking cigarettes. 每年烟草公司要设法使一些不吸烟的人开始吸烟。
句中persuade作“劝说”、“说服”解。表示“说服某人干某事”时常用persuade sb. to do sth. 。注意persuade的基本含义是“劝说某人,而某人又被说服了”。例如:
I persuaded him to try again. 我劝他再试一试。(他再试过了。)
The doctor was at last able to persuade him to stop smoking. 医生终于说服他戒烟了。(他戒烟了。)
She was persuaded to take the job in the company. 她被说服接受了那家公司的工作。(她在那儿工作了。)
7.The chance is that one smoker in four will die from smoking. (=25% of smokers will die from smoking. ) 每四个烟民中就有一个可能因吸烟而死去。
句中chance作“可能性”解,既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词。在数学上作“概率”、“或然率”解,常用复数。例如:
Chances are that the new machine will arrive tomorrow. 新机器明天可能运到。
There is a chance that the sick child will get well. 这个生病的孩子可能会好的。
The chances are ten to one that we will win. 我们十之八九会赢。
The chance is that about fifty graduates in one hundred will go to colleges and universities. 每100名中学毕业生中大约有50名可能升入大专院校。
8.In Britain,sales of cigarettes have been reduced by 30% in the last ten years. 过去十年来,英国的香烟销售量下降了30%。
1)reduce vt. 减少,降低,缩小 (make smaller, cheaper, etc. )。例如:
some fat people try to reduce their weight. 有些胖子设法减轻体重。
I persuaded him to reduce the price to $ 1, 500. 我设法使他把价格降到1,500美元了。
The number of the words in the report should be reduced to 800. 报告的字数应减到800。
The wages of the workers have been reduced by 30%。工人的工资减少了30%。
reduce的反义词是 increase(增加)。例如:
The wages of the workers have been increased by 30%。工人的工资增加了30%。
2)介词by可以用来表示数量增减的程度。例如:
Production costs have been reduced by one third. 生产成本下降了三分之一。
The price has been increased by five cents. 价格上涨了五美分。
9.In the 16----19 age group, 32% of women smoke, compared to 28% of men. 在16-19岁这个年龄组里,有32%的妇女吸烟,而吸烟的男子为28%。
句中compare to/with是一个固定词组,作“和……比起来”、“与……相比”解,相比较的对象是数量(即吸烟的人数)。又如:
Car production rose 25%, compared to the first three months of this year. 和今年头3个月相比,汽车产量提高了25%。
Last year the rate of death was 2%, compared with 5% the year before last. 去年的死亡率是2%,前年是5%。
Compare to 1992, the price of grain was increased about 50%. 和1992年相比,谷物的价格提高了大约50%。
compare to/with也可以用来同人或物作比较。例如:
Compared to many women, she was indeed very fortunate. 和许多妇女相比,她确实是很幸运的了。
It was a small place then, compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来,那时它还是一个小地方。
10.Therefore, if the tobacco companies want to remain in business, they have to encourage more young people to start smoking. (=If the tobacco companies want to continue to make money, they have to make more young people start smoking. ) 因此,如果烟草公司想要继续经营下去,就必须鼓励更多的年轻人吸烟。
1)句中的remain是连系动词,作“(继续)保持”、“仍然处于(某种状态)”解(continue to be in an unchanged state),后跟形容词、名词、过去分词或介词短语作表语(本句中的表语是介词短语in business)。例如:
If you don't eat you'll just have to remain hungry. 你如果不吃东西,就得继续挨饿。
Peter became a news reporter but John remained a woodcutter. 彼得成了新闻记者,而约翰还是一名伐木工人。
It was very late, but he remained absorbed in thought. 天很晚了,但他却还在沉思。
All her friends had come, but she remained in silence. 她的朋友全都到了,她却仍然沉默不语。
2)encourage vt. 鼓励(to give courage or hope to sb. )。常用于encourage sb. to do sth. 结构。例如:
The teacher encourages us to talk to her in English. 老师鼓励我们用英语同她谈话。
Your words encouraged me to go on with my study. 你的话鼓励我继续学习下去。
11.They think that this will help them kick their smoking habit. 他们认为这将帮助他们戒掉烟瘾。
kick vt. 原作“踢(球)”解,如kick a football。此处作“戒除”解,kick their smoking = give up smoking(戒烟)。
Lesson 7
1.In Britain, 70% of smokers say that they would like to stop smoking, and of these smokers, 83% have tried more than once to give it up. 在英国,有70%的烟民说,他们愿意戒烟,而且在这些烟民中,有83%的人不止一次地试着戒过烟。
1)句中的would like不是like的过去将来时,而是作“愿意”、“希望”解,后面常跟不定式(即would like to do sth. ),表示“希望/愿意干某事”。例如:
I would like to hear your views. 我希望听听你的意见。
Mr Brown would like to speak about heart disease. 布朗先生愿意谈谈有关心脏病的问题。
They would like to know something about the danger of smoking. 他们想要了解吸烟的危害性。
2)stop doing sth. 是“停止干某事”的意思。例如:
Stop talking, please. It's time for class. 请不要讲话,现在上课了。
The girl stopped crying as soon as her mother entered the room. 妈妈一进房,这女孩就不哭了。
注意stop doing sth. 和stop to do sth. 的区别:
stop doing sth. ----停止干某事
stop to do sth. ----停止一事,去干另一事
试比较:
He stopped smoking. (=He didn't smoke any more. ) 他戒烟了。(他不吸烟了)
He stopped to smoke. (=He paused and began to smoke. ) 他停下来去吸烟。(他吸烟了)
3)短语动词give up作“停止”、“放弃”解,在句中作及物动词用,它的宾语可以是名词、代词或-ing形式。当其宾语是名词或-ing形式时,宾语通常放在give up之后;当其宾语是代词时,则只能放在give up之间,不能放在give up之后,如本句中的…to give it up. 不能说…to give up it。又如本句中的 to stop smoking 也可以说to give up smoking,两者意思相同,都作“戒烟”解。例如:
Don't give up your plan for experiment. 不要放弃你的实验计划。
Your idea is good. Don't give it up. 你的想法很好,不要放弃它。
You'd better give up drinking. There's something wrong with your stomach. 你最好把酒戒了,你的胃有毛病。
He isn't in good health; he has given up playing football. 他身体不好,已经不再踢足球了。
2.The problem with tobacco is that it contains a drug called nicotine. 烟草的问题在于它里面含有一种叫尼古丁的麻醉剂。
1)句中的called nicotine是过去分词短语,作定语,修饰名词a drug。过去分词短语作定语通常放在它所修饰的名词的后面,而译成汉语时,定语要放在名词的前面。试比较:
illness caused by smoking 由于吸烟引起的疾病
nicotine contained in tobacco 烟草中含的尼古丁
characters drawn by Walt 沃尔特画的人物
the studio built by himself 他自己建造的画室
2)句中的that----clause是名词性从句,用作表语。由连词that引导的名词性从句用作表语时,通常位于连系动词be之后。连词that无词汇意义,只起连接作用。例如:
The trouble is that we do not know Mike's address. 麻烦的是我们都不知道迈克的住址。
The reply is that they do not accept our invitation. 答复是他们不接受我们的邀请。
The greatest danger is that smoking can cause lung cancer. 最危险的是吸烟能引起肺癌。
3.Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking. 尼古丁是一种能使人吸烟上瘾的麻醉剂。
本句中的that-clause是定语从句,修饰先行词a drug。
get into the habit of作“养成……习惯”解。也可以用get sb. into the habit of作“使某人养成……习惯”解。例如:
Who got you into the habit of drinking? 是谁让你养成了喝酒的习惯的?
He has got into the habit of listening to news broadcast at 6:30 am. 他养成了早上六点半听新闻广播的习惯。
Don't get into the bad habit of smoking, children! 孩子们,不要养成抽烟的恶习。
4.When smokers who are used to nicotine go without it for an hour or two, they begin to feel bad. 那些对尼古丁上了瘾的烟民,一两个小时缺少尼古丁就会感到难受。
1)这是一个复合句。主句是they begin to feel bad, 时间状语从句是When smokers … go without it for an hour or two, 其中又带有定语从句 who are used to nicotine, 修饰先行词smokers。
2)be used to作“习惯于”讲,这里的to是介词,后跟名词或-ing形式。例如:
He is used to hard work. 他已习惯于辛勤劳动。(或:He is used to doing hard work. )
She isn't used to living in the country. 她不习惯在乡下生活。(或:She isn't used to country life. )
注意used to和be used to的区别:
used to作“过去常常”解,表示“过去经常做某事”,暗含“现在已经不做此事了”的意思。这里的to是不定式符号,后跟动词原形。be used to作“习惯于”解,其中to是介词,be可以有不同的时态变化(过去时、现在时、将来时)。试比较:
He is used to hard work. 他(现在)习惯于辛勤劳动。
He used to work hard. 他过去工作很努力。(暗指现在工作不努力了。)
She isn't used to living in the country. 她不习惯在乡下生活。
She used to live in the country. 她过去住在乡下。(暗指现在不住在乡下了。)
3)短语动词go without作“不吃”(not take),“在没有……的情况下勉强对付过去”(to live or continue in spite of lacking something)解。例如:
One can not go without food and water. 不吃不喝是不能生活的。
The main speaker was absent, but the conference was to go without him. 主要发言人没有到,但大会将勉强开下去。
It's very hard for me to see them go without food and clothing. 看着他们缺吃少穿,我很难过。
If there's no sugar, you'll have to go without it. 要是没有糖了,你就对付着吃吧。
5.The body is calling for a new supply of the drug nicotine. (=The body is in need of the drug nicotine. ) 他们的体内要求补充新的麻醉剂尼古丁。
短语动词call for作“要求(有……)”、“需要”解(ask for/need sth. or sb. )。例如:
The men sat down and called for some beer. 这几个男子坐下来,要了一些啤酒。
This trouble calls for quick action by the government. 这个困难需要政府迅速采取行动来解决。
The problem calls for very careful thought. 这个问题要求人们深思熟虑。
6.All they need is something to make them feel better at that moment. 他们所需要的是当时能使他们感到舒服的某个东西。
1)这是一个复合句。主句是All…is something to make them feel better at that moment. 其中插入了一个定语从句(that) they need,修饰先行词all。关系代词that因在从句中作宾语而被省略。
2)不定式短语to make them feel better at that moment在句中作定语,修饰something。其中的动词make作“使”、“令”解,常跟不带to的不定式复合结构(make sb. do sth. ),意为“使某人干某事”。例如:
The bad news made us feel sad. 这个坏消息使我们感到很忧伤。
Smoking makes the air smell bad. 抽烟使空气难闻。
The doctor made the patients stop smoking. 医生叫病人戒烟。
The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板要他们一天工作十二个小时。
注意,make sb. do sth. 结构在被动句中,不定式应带to,即Sb. is made to do sth. 。例如:
They were made to twelve hours a day.
The patients were made to stop smoking.
7.One thing that will stop them feeling bad is the drug nicotine, which is contained in cigarettes. 使他们消除难受感觉的一种东西,就是香烟中所含的那种麻醉剂尼古丁。
1)这是一个复合句。主句是One thing… is the drug nicotine, 其中带有一个定语从句that will stop them feeling bad, 修饰One thing; 句末的which is contained in cigarettes是一个非限制性定语从句,说明the drug nicotine。
2)句中stop是及物动词,作“阻止”、“阻拦”(prevent)解,常用在stop sb. doing sth. 的结构中,意思是“阻止某人干某事”、“使某人不做某事”。例如:
We all tried to stop him smoking in bed. 我们都设法不让他在床上吸烟。
Nothing could stop the children telling the truth. 什么也不能阻止孩子们说出事情的真相。
The policemen came and stopped them fighting in the street. 警察来了,不让他们在街上打架。
stop sb. doing sth. 和stop sb. from doing sth. 意思相同。上述例句都可以在sb. 后加上介词from。又如:
Don't stop me from doing what I want to. 不要阻拦我去干我所想干的事。
We should try to stop our children from playing with fire. 我们应该设法不让孩子们玩火。
Lesson 8
本课Checkpoint 2中的语法项目(Grammar)是作宾语和表语的名词性从句。这是本单元的语法重点。
在句子中起名词作用的从句称为名词性从句。名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等。名词性从句同样可以作主语、宾语、表语等。这类从句可以分别称为主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。本单元重点复习宾语从句和表语从句。在Checkpoint 2中列出了下面两个例句:
1)They know that the habit may kill them. 他们知道这个习惯可能使他们致死。
2)The problem with tobacco is that it contains a drug called nicotine. 问题是烟草里含有一种叫尼古丁的麻醉剂。
例1)中的斜体部分是宾语从句,作及物动词know的宾语;例2)中的斜体部分是表语从句,表示主语的特性。
关于宾语从句,初中第三册教师教学用书已作注释,这里不再赘述。
表语从句通常是跟在主句的连系动词be之后,引导表语从句的除连词that外,还有连接代词what和连接副词when, where, why, how, because等。例如:
His suggestion is that no one is allowed to smoke in the office. 他的建议是办公室内不允许抽烟。
Her trouble is that she doesn't know how to improve her teaching work. 她的苦恼是她不知道怎样来改进教学工作。
Nicotine! That's what the smokers need. 尼古丁!这就是烟民们所需要的东西。
Ten years' hard work! That's why I now look so old. 十年辛苦的劳动!这就是为什么我现在显得如此苍老的原因。