重点词语用法
1．while[wail]的用法
1)while可以用作并列连词，表示对比意义，译为“而”，“却”。如：
①Instead, he asked his father why he was not able to hatch chickens, while hens could.
他反而问他父亲为什么他不能孵小鸡，而母鸡却能。
②Jane was dressed in blue, while Mary dressed in red.
珍妮穿蓝色衣服，而玛丽却穿红色衣服。
2)while还可以用作从属连词，作“在……期间”，“当……时候”讲，使用时应注意它与用作从属连词的when的区别：
▲when引导的时间状语从句，既可表示“一段时间”，又可表示“一点时间”，因此从句的谓语动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的。如：
③I hope to see you when I stay in Beijing on business.
(一段时间)当我出差北京时，希望见到你。
④When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out.
(一点时间)当钟敲响十二下时，灯全部熄灭了。
【注意】while引导的时间状语从句只能表示“一段时间”所以while从句的谓语动词应是延续性动词(或状态动词)。例如：
⑤While I stayed(or was) in Shanghai, I saw her three times.
我在上海期间见到她三次。
▲如果从句的谓语动词是延续性的，可以用while也可以用when。如：
⑥While(When)we were having a meeting, a stranger came in.
我们在开会时，一个陌生人走了进来。
2．accept与receive的用法和区别
1)accept用作动词，意为“接受”，指经过考虑，由主观意志来决定接受，动作者本身是主动的。例如：
①He couldn't accept our suggestions but our gifts.
他们不能接受我们的建议但接受了我们的礼品。
②She was very glad to accept the invitation.
她非常愉快地接受了邀请。
2)receive也是用作动词，意为“接到”，指收到某物这一动作，本身有一定的被动性，不包含本身是否愿意接受的意思。例如：
③ He did not receive a good education at university.
他没在大学受过良好教育。
④I received an invitation to the party yesterday, but I refused to accept it.
昨天我接到一份参加晚会的邀请，但我拒不接受。
3．count 的用法
count[kaunt] vt．数，计算；看作，算作。例如：
①Can you count the number of the students in the class？
你能清点一下班里的人数吗？
②Count 30 then come and find me.
数到三十然后来找我。
③Don't count chickens before they are hatched.
[谚语] 鸡未孵出，不要点数。
④After such a bad accident, you should count yourself lucky you are alive.
遭此严重的事故后，你还能活着，要算你幸运。
⑤I count it a great honour to be working with you.
能和你一起工作，我感到不胜荣幸。
⑥ He counted this experience as part of his education.
他把这段经历看作自己所受的一部分教育。
4．manner的单复数问题
1)manner用作单数，有“方法”，“态度”的意思
①Do it in a businesslike manner.
要郑重其事地做这事。
②He spoke in such a manner as to offend them.
他用这种方式说话，以致于伤了他的感情。
③I don't like his manner．我不喜欢他的态度。
2)manner用作复数，即manners表示“礼貌，规矩”，“风俗，习惯”的意思。
①Aren't you forgetting your manners?
你是不是没礼貌了？
②He has no manners at all．他毫无礼貌。
③He studies the manners of the ancients.
他研究古人的风俗习惯。
【注意】要说It is good/bad manners to do sth.
④It's bad manners to talk with a full mouth.
嘴里吃着东西说话是不礼貌的。
3)常用的几个复合形容词：
well-mannered 有礼貌的
ill-mannered 无礼貌的
rough-mannered 粗鲁的
5．close的多种用法
1)close用作形容词，可表示“(空间、时间上的)接近”，也可表示“(关系的)亲近。”
①The church is close to our school.
教堂离学校很近。
②The two buildings are close together.
两座建筑物距离很近。
③The children are close to each other in age.
孩子们年龄相近。
④Their birthdays are very close together.
他们生日很近。
⑤He and his father are very close.
他和父亲很亲近。
【注意】a close contest, match, election 译为“势均力敌的竞赛、比赛、选举”
2)close可用作副词，表空间距离上的近
①He stood close against the wall.
他紧靠着墙站着。
②Tom found a man following close behind him.
汤姆发现一个人紧跟在他后面。
【注意】closely也是副词，但它表示抽象意义，译作“仔细地，密切地”
①The two events are closely connected.
这两件事有密切关系。
②You should listen closely．你该仔细听。
3)close可用作动词，表示“关闭”，“不营业”
①If you close your eyes, you can't see anything.
若闭上眼睛，那你就什么也看不见了。
②The shops close at 5∶30．商店5点半关门。
4)close还可用作名词。bring sth. to a close 是“结束某事物”的意思
①At the close of the day, he went back.
在黄昏的时候，他回来了。
②The ceremony was brought to a close by the singing of the national anthem.
典礼在国歌声中结束。
【注意】不同词性close读音不同，close, n. ＆ v. [kl+uz]；close, adj. ＆adv. [kl+us]
重要词组短语
1．not…but…的用法
not…but…为并列连词，连接两个并列成分，意为“不是……而是”。例如：
①He is not a student, but a teacher.
他不是学生，而是教师。(并列表语)
②They are not speaking English, but writing letters.
他们不是在讲英语，而是在写信。(并列谓语)
③Not the student but his parents want to ask for my advice on how to improve spoken English.
不是这个学生而是学生家长要求我给提些如何改善口语英语的建议。(并列主语)
【注意】当“not…but…”连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词必须与靠近的那个主语保持人称和数的一致。又如：
2．mean to do 和mean doing 的用法区别
mean to do是“打算，企图”的意思。mean doing是表示“意味着”的意思。
①I had meant to leave on Sunday.
我本打算周日走。
②I mean to stay here for a long time.
我打算在这儿呆很久。
③Missing the train means waiting for an hour.
赶不上火车预示着要再等一个小时。
④Revolution means liberating the productive forces.
革命意味着解放生产力。
【注意】mean通常不与否定的动词不定式搭配
①I did not mean to hurt you.
我并不是故意得罪你。
(不说：I meant not to hurt you. )
②I meant no harm to you.
我对你并无恶意。
(不说：I meant not to harm you.)
3．manage to do sth. 和try to do sth. 用法区别
▲try to do sth. 意思是“尽力，设法去做某事”，结果如何，不得而知。而manage to do sib.，则表示“设法做成了某事”
①Jim had a lot of homework, but he managed to finish it before bedtime.
吉姆有很多家庭作业，但他终于在睡觉前完成了。
②Jim had a lot of homework, but he said he would try to finish it before bedtime.
吉姆有很多家庭作业，他说他将设法在睡觉前完成。
▲manage还表示“经营，管理”的意思
①She managed the house very well.
她把家管得很好。
②Who will manage the store when you are away?
你不在的时候谁来经营商店？
▲与can或could连用，意为“能办好某件难事”，口语中还可作“吃，渡过”解
①It's too heavy, but I can manage it.
虽然它很重，但是我能搬动。
②I don't think we can manage a huge fish like that just between the two of us.
我看单是我们两个人吃不了这么大的一条鱼。
③If you can get the material, we can manage the money.
如果你们搞到了原料，资金我们能想办法。
常用句型结构
1．make +宾语+宾语补足语
在这一结构中，宾语补足语可以是不带to的动词不定式、过去分词或形容词形式。
1)make +宾语+不带to的不定式。这一结构表示的意思是“使某人做某事”。例如：
①Taking some medicine made me feel much better.
服了这些药使我感到好多了。
②They made the boy stand under a tree.
他们让那个男孩站在树下。
③In the old society, the landlord made the farmers work day and night.
旧社会地主让农民不分白天黑夜地干活。
【注意】上述例句若变为被动语态，补语要用带to的动词不定式：
①I was made to feel much better by taking some medicine.
②The boy was made to stand under a tree.
③In the old society, the farmers were made to work day and night.
2)make +宾语+过去分词。这一结构表示的意思是“使某人/某事被……”。例如：
①The speaker raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
发言人提高了嗓音以便别人听到他说的话。
②Can you make yourself heard at the beginning?
你一开始就能让别人听到你的话吗？
③We should not make our plan known to everybody.
我们不应该使每个人都知道我们的计划。
④The teacher spoke very slowly so that he could make himself understood.
老师讲得很慢，以便能让学生理解他。
⑤She didn't know French at all, so she couldn't make herself understood.
她根本不懂法语，所以她不能表明自己的意思。
3)make +宾语+形容词。这一结构表示的意思是“使某人/某事(变得)……”例如：
①The interesting story made him very happy.
这个有趣的故事使他很高兴。
②They have made the house clean and tidy.
他们把房子收拾得干净而整洁。
③ The smoke made the room dirty.
烟将房子弄脏了。
④This light made the room very bright.
这盏灯使这间房子非常明亮。
⑤What the students did in class made their teacher very angry.
学生在课堂上所做的事使老师很生气。
2．“with +复合宾语”结构既可用作定语，也可用作状语。
常见的“with +复合宾语”结构主要有以下五种形式：
1)with +宾语+动词-ing形式
①With the boy leading the way, we had no trouble in getting to the station.
由这个男孩带路，我们不难到达了火车站。
②With the wind blowing heavily, we took great trouble to move on to the front.
由于风刮得很大，我们费力地往前线进发。
2)with +宾语+过去分词(past participle)
①The child was crying with the glasses broken.
眼镜破了，那小孩哭了起来。
②With all the work finished, they hurried back home for lunch.
所有的工作都做完了，他们匆忙回家吃午饭。
3)with +宾语+不定式
①With a lot of work to do, we had to be busy working day and night.
有这么多的工作要做，我们只得日夜忙碌。
②With many things to deal with, I have to stop listening to the light music.
有许多事要处理，我只好停止收听轻音乐。
4)with +宾语+介词短语
①The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.
老师手中拿着一本书走进教室。
②She saw a small river with green grass and red flowers on both sides.
她看到一条小河，两岸长满了红花绿草。
5)with +宾语+形容词(或副词)
①Don't sleep with the door and windows open.
不要开着门窗睡觉。
②Tian An Men Square looks even more beautiful with all lights on.
所有的灯都亮着，天安门广场显得更加漂亮。
【注意】“with +复合宾语”在句中既可以用作状语表示方式或伴随动作，又可以用作定语。例如：
①The teacher entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
老师手里拿了一本书走进了教室。
②With a boy leading the way, we had little trouble in finding the old man's house.
一个男孩带路，我们不难就找到了那位老人的家。
③The teacher with a book in his hand is a new English teacher.
手里拿着一本书的那位老师是一位新来的英语老师。
④The wounded soldier with an old man leading the way got to the hospital very soon.
由一位老人带路的那个伤员很快就到达了医院。
3．It is + adj. +(for sb.)to do sth.
此句型是一个很有用的句型，其中it充当形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语“(for sb.) to do sth.”。例如：
①It is possible for you to work out the problem.
你们有可能解出这道题。
②It is important(for us) to finish the work this week.
(我们)在本周内完成这项工作很重要。
③It's not easy to understand what she said.
她所说的话不容易理解。
4．动词-ing形式的句法结构
1)-ing形式用作主语，也可以用it作为形式主语，真正的主语(即动词-ing短语)放在后面。例如：
①Teaching English at middle school is my full-time job.
教英语是我的专职工作。
②It is no use crying over spilt milk.
牛奶洒地，哭也无益。
③In some Arabian countries, shaking one's head from side to side means agreement.
在一些阿拉伯国家，摇头表示同意。
④Knowing some other languages is a great help to us.
懂得些其他的语言对我们来说是有很大帮助的。
2)-ing短语用作状语，表示方式或伴随动作。例如：
①They stood there, talking and laughing.
他们站在那儿，又说又笑。
②It's not difficult to solve such problems, following the teacher's advice.
按照老师的建议来解决这类问题就不困难了。
③They sat in the classroom, listening to the teacher's lecture.
他们坐在教室里，听老师讲课。
④I waited at the entrance to the railway station, hoping to meet one of my friends.
我站在火车站入口，期望接到我的一个朋友。
3)-ing用作定语时的情况。单独作定语时，放在它所修饰的名词前面；和状语或宾语一起构成短语作定语时，总是放在它所修饰的名词后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如：
①China is a developing country.
(=…which is developing.)
中国是一个发展中的国家。
②Who is the boy lying on the ground?
(=…who is lying on the ground.)
躺在地上的那个男孩是谁？
③They are building a road leading to our village.
(=…which leads to our village.)
他们正在修建一条通往我们村庄的公路。
④The rising sun looks very beautiful.
初升的太阳看起来真美丽。
⑤The sun setting in the west looks even more beautiful.
西沉的太阳看起来更美。
⑥The people smoking are not welcome here.
抽烟的人在这儿是不受欢迎的。
⑦I can't see clearly those standing at the back.
我看不清站到后面去的那些人。
⑧Who is the one crying?
正在哭的那个人是谁？
⑨ The woman getting married is a famous singer.
结婚的那位妇女是一位著名歌手。
⑩Do you know the comrade shaking hands with our English teacher?
你认识和我们老师握手的那位同志吗？
That tourist looking at her map can play four musical instruments.
那位看地图的游客能够演奏四种乐器。
The boy singing now is a classmate of mine.
那位正在唱歌的男孩是我的一位同学。
4)动词-ing形式用作宾语补足语
在感官动词后面通常可以跟动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，常用的感官动词有：see, hear, notice, watch, listen to, observe 等。例如：
①I saw them walking along the river yesterday evening.
我昨天傍晚看见他们沿河散步。
②You can notice them dancing to the light music on the square every morning.
每天早晨你都有可能看到他们在广场伴随着轻音乐跳舞。
③ We watched the army marching down the street towards the park.
我们看到部队沿着大街朝公园行进。
④I counted the people entering the hall, and there were 68 of them.
我点数着人们进入大厅，共有六十八位。
⑤We heard them practising singing English songs in the nest room.
我们听见他们在隔壁房间里练习演唱英语歌曲。