桃花源记译文15篇[优选]
桃花源记译文1
桃花源记
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
林尽水源,使得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光。便舍船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行敷十步,豁然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍俨然,有良田美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人。黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。便要还家,设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语云:“不足为外人道也。”
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷,不复得路。
南阳刘子骥,高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往。未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
译文
东晋太元年间,(有个)武陵人靠捕鱼谋生。(有一天)他顺着小溪划船,忘了路程的远近。忽然遇到(一片)桃花林,(桃树)夹在溪流两岸,长达几百步,中间没有别的树。(地上)芳草鲜艳美丽,落花纷纷。渔人非常诧异。再往前走,想走到这林子的尽头。
(桃)林在溪水发源的地方就没有了,(紧接着)就是一座山,山上有个小洞口,(里面)好像有光似的。(渔人)就离了船,从洞口进去。初进时,洞口很窄,仅容一个人通过。又走了几十步,突然(变得)开阔敞亮了。(这里)土地平坦开阔,房舍整整齐齐,有肥沃的田地、美好的池塘和桑树竹子之类。田间小路,交错相通,(村落间)能听见鸡鸣狗叫的声音。人们来来往往耕田劳作,男女的穿戴,完全像桃花源以外的`世人。老人和小孩都充满喜悦之情,显得心满意足。
(那里面的人)见了渔人,竟大吃一惊,问(渔人)从哪里来,(渔人)详尽地回答了他。(那人)就邀请(渔人)到自己家里去,备酒杀鸡做饭菜(款待他)。村中的人听说有这样一个人,都来打听消息。(他们)说祖先(为了)躲避秦时的祸乱,带领妻子儿女及乡邻来到这与人世隔绝的地方,不再从这里出去,于是就与外面的人断绝了往来。(他们)问起现在是什么朝代,竟然不知道有过汉朝.更不必说魏晋了。这个人(为他们)详细地介绍了自己所听到的事,<他们听罢)都感叹惋惜。其余的人也请(渔人)到自己家中,都拿出酒饭来(款待他)。(渔人在这里)住了几天,就告辞离去。这里的人告诉(他)说:(这里的情况)不值得对外边的人说啊。
(渔人)出来后,找到他的船,就沿着旧路(回去),(一路上)处处做了记号。回到郡里,去拜见太守,报告了这些情况。太守立即派人跟他前往,寻找前次做的标记,竞迷失了(方向),再也没找到路。
南阳刘子骥,是高尚的名士;听到这件事,高兴地计划前往,没有实现,不久病死了。此后就再也没有问路访求(桃花源)的人了。
桃花源记译文2
东晋太元年间,武陵有个人打鱼为生。(一天)他顺着溪水划船,忘记了路程的远近。忽然遇到一片桃花林,生长在溪的两岸,长达几百步,中间没有别的树,花草遍地,鲜嫩而美丽,落花纷纷。他非常诧异。继续往前走,想走到林子的尽头。
桃林的尽头正是溪水的发源地,便出现一座山,山上有个小洞口,洞里仿佛好像有点光亮。渔人于是下了船,从洞口进去。起初,洞口很狭窄,只容一个人通过。又走了几十步,突然(变得)开阔敞亮了。(呈现在他眼前的是)一片平坦宽广的土地,一排排整齐的房舍,还有肥沃的田地、美丽的池沼、桑树、竹林之类。田间小路纵横交错,四通八达,(村落间)鸡鸣狗叫之声都处处可以听到。人们在田野里来来往往,耕种劳作,男女的穿戴跟桃源外面的人完全一样。老人和小孩们个个都安闲快乐。
(那里的人)看见了渔人,感到非常惊讶,问他是从哪儿来的。渔人详尽地作了回答。(有人)就邀请他到自己家里去,摆了酒,又杀鸡做饭(来款待他)。村子里的人听说来了这么一个人,(就)都来打听消息。他们自己说他们的祖先为了躲避秦时的战乱,领着妻子儿女和乡邻们来到这个跟人世隔绝的地方,不再出去,因而跟外面的人断绝了来往。(这里的人)问现在是什么朝代,竟不知道有过汉朝,(至于)魏、晋两朝就更不用说了。渔人把自己听到的事一一详细地告诉了他们。(听罢),他们都感叹起来。其余的`人各自又把渔人请到自己家中,都拿出酒饭菜(来款待他)。渔人逗留了几天后,向村里人告辞。(临别时)村里的人嘱咐他道:“(我们这个地方)不值得对外面的人说啊!”
(渔人)出来以后,找到了他的船,就顺着来时的路划回去,处处都做了记号。到了郡城,去拜见太守,报告了这番经历。太守立即派人跟着他去,寻找先前所做的记号,竟然迷失了方向,再也找不到(通往桃花源的)路了。
南阳人刘子骥是个志向高洁的隐士,听到这件事后,高高兴兴地打算前往。但未能实现。不久,他因病去世。此后就再也没有人探寻(桃花源)了。
总结:人与人之间的关系也是那么平和,那么诚恳。
桃花源记译文3
原文
从小丘西行百二十步,隔篁(huáng)竹,闻水声,如鸣佩(pèi)环,心乐(lè)之。伐竹取道,下见小潭,水尤清冽(liè)。全石以为底,近岸,卷(quán )石底以出,为坻(chí),为屿(yǔ),为嵁(kān),为岩。青树翠蔓(màn),蒙络(luò)摇缀(zhuì),参(cēn)差(cī)披拂。
潭中鱼可百许头,皆若空游无所依。日光下澈(chè),影布石上,佁(yǐ)然不动;俶(chù)尔远逝,往来翕(xī)忽,似与游者相乐。
潭西南而望,斗(dǒu)折(zhé)蛇行,明灭可见。其岸势犬牙差(cī)互,不可知其源。
坐潭上,四面竹树环合,寂寥(liáo)无人,凄神寒骨,悄(qiǎo)怆(chuàng)幽邃(suì )。以其境过清,不可久居,乃记之而去。
同游者:吴武陵,龚(gōng )古,余弟宗玄。隶(lì)而从者,崔氏二小生:曰(yuē)恕己,曰奉壹(yī)。
注释
1从:自,由 。
2.小丘:小山,在小石潭东面。
3.西:(名词作状语)向西
4.行:走。
5.篁(huáng)竹:竹林。篁,竹林,泛指竹子。
6.如鸣佩环:好像人身上佩戴的玉佩玉环相碰发出的声音。佩、环:都是玉质装饰品。鸣:发出声响。
7.乐:以……为乐(形容词的意动用法)
8.伐竹取道,伐:砍伐。取:这里指开辟。
9下:(名词作状语)向下,往下。
10.见:看见。
11.水尤清冽(liè):潭水格外清凉,清澈。尤:格外,特别。清冽 :清凉。清,清澈。冽:凉。
12.全石以为底:(潭)以整块石头为底。以为:把……当作(此句为倒装句“以全石为底”)。以:用。为:作为
13.近岸:靠近潭岸的地方。近,靠近。 岸,岸边.
14.卷石底以出:石底有部分翻卷过来,露出水面。卷:弯曲。以:相当于连词“而”,表承接。
15.为坻(chí)为屿(yǔ),为嵁(kān),为岩:成为坻、屿、嵁、岩等各种不同的形状。 16.坻:水中高地。
17.屿:小岛。
18.嵁:不平的岩石。
19.岩:高出水面较大而高耸的石头。
20.青树翠蔓,蒙络摇缀,参差(cēn cī)披拂:青葱的树木,翠绿的藤蔓,覆盖缠绕摇动下垂,参差不齐,随风飘动。
21.可百许头:大约有一百来条。可:大约 许:用在数词后表示约数,相当于同样用法的"来“
22.皆若空游无所依:都好像在空中游动,什么依托也没有。空:在空中。皆:全,都。
23.日光下澈,影布石上:阳光直照到水底,鱼的影子映在水底的石上。下,向下照射。布:照映,分布。澈:透过。
24.佁然不动:(鱼影)静止呆呆地一动不动。佁(yǐ)然,呆呆的样子。
25.俶尔远逝:忽然向远处游去了。俶(chù)尔,忽然。远,遥远,空间距离大。
26.往来翕(xī)忽:来来往往轻快敏捷。翕忽:轻快敏捷的样子。翕:迅疾。
27.乐:玩乐。
28.潭西南而望:向潭水的西南方向望去 而,连词,连接状语和名词,不译,表修饰。西南,向西南(名词作状语)。
29.斗折蛇行,明灭可见:(溪水)像北斗星那样曲折,像蛇那样蜿蜒前行,时隐时现,忽明忽暗。斗:像北斗星一样曲折。蛇行:像蛇一样蜿蜒前行。
30.其岸势犬牙差互:势:形势。(犬牙,名词作状语)像狗牙一样参差不齐。犬牙:像狗牙一样。差:交错。 其:那。
31.不可知:不能够知道。
32.四面竹树环合,寂寥无人,凄神寒骨,悄怆(qiǎo chuàng)幽邃:四周被竹子树木环绕合抱,寂静寥落,空无一人,感到心神凄凉,寒气透骨,幽静深远,弥漫着忧伤的气息。寂寥:寂静寥落。悄怆,忧伤的样子。邃,深远。凄:(使动用法)使……感到凄凉。寒:(使动用法)使……感到寒冷。
33.以其境过清:认为这里的环境过于凄清。以,认为。清,凄清。
34.不可久居,乃记之而去:不可以长时间停留,于是记下小石潭的情况便离开了。 居:停留。之:代游小石潭这件事。而:表顺承。去:离开。
35.吴武陵:信州(今重庆奉节一带)人,唐宪宗元和初进士,因罪贬官永州,与作者友善。
36.同游者:共同游玩的人。游:游玩。者:……的人。
37.龚古:作者朋友。
38.宗玄:作者的堂弟。
39.隶而从者:跟着同去的。 隶:附属,随从。而:表修饰。 从:跟随,动词。
40.二小生:两个年轻人。
译文:
从小土丘往西走约一百二十步,隔着竹林,听到水声,好象挂在身上的玉佩、玉环相互碰撞的声音,心里很是高兴。(于是)砍伐竹子,开出一条道路,下面显现出一个小小的水潭,潭水特别清凉。潭以整块石头为底,靠近岸边,石底向上弯曲,露出水面,像各种各样的石头和小岛。青葱的树木,翠绿的藤蔓,遮掩缠绕,摇动下垂,参差不齐,随风飘动。
潭中大约有一百来条鱼,都好像在空中游动,没有什么依靠似的。阳光往下一直照到潭底,鱼儿的影子映在水底的石上。(鱼儿)呆呆地静止不动,忽然间(又)向远处游去,来来往往,轻快敏捷,好像跟游人逗乐似的。
向石潭的西南方向望去,(溪流)像北斗七星那样的曲折,(又)像蛇爬行一样的蜿蜒,(有时)看得见,(有时)看不见。两岸的形状像犬牙似的参差不齐,看不出溪水的源头在哪里。
坐在石潭旁边,四面被竹林树木包围着,静悄悄的,空无一人,(这气氛)使人感到心神凄凉,寒气透骨,幽静深远,弥漫着忧伤的气息。因为环境过于凄清,不能长时间地待下去,就记下这番景致离开了。
一同去游览的有吴武陵、龚古和我的弟弟宗玄。跟着一同去的还有姓崔的两个年轻人,一个叫恕己,一个叫奉壹。
文言知识
一、与《记承天寺夜游》有异曲同工的句子
庭下如积水空明,水中藻荇交横,盖竹柏影也。
—— 潭中鱼可百许头,皆若空游无所依,日光下澈,影布石上.....似与游者相乐。
二、古今异义
1、小生:古义:年轻人
今义:指戏曲艺术中的一种角色。
2、去:古义:离开。乃记之而去;
今义:从所在地到别的地方去
3、闻:古义:听到。闻水声;
今义:用鼻子嗅气味。
4、居:古义:停留。不可久居;
今义:住。
5、可,古义:大约。潭中鱼可百许头;
今义:能愿动词,可以
6、布:古义:映。
今义:可做衣服或其他物件的棉麻品。
7、许:古意:用在数词后表示约数,相当于现在用法的“来”。
今义:允许。
8、佁(yǐ)然:古义:呆呆的样子。
今义:痴呆或深思的样子;
三、一词多义
1、可:(1)大约。潭中鱼可百许头;
(2)可以,能够。不可久居。
2、从:(1)自,由。从小丘西行百二十步;
(2)跟随。隶而从者,崔氏二小生:曰恕己,曰奉壹。
3、清:(1)清澈。下见小潭,水尤清冽;
(2)凄清,冷清清。以其境过清。
4、差:(1)长短不一。参差披拂;
(2)交错,动词。其岸势犬牙差互。
5、见:(1)看见。下见小潭;
(2)看见,动词。明灭可见。
6、乐:(1)以…为乐,形容词的意动用法。心乐之;
(2)逗乐,嬉戏。似与游者相乐。
7、以 (1)因为。以其境过清;
(2)等于而的用法,表修饰。卷石底以出;
(3) 把。全石以为底。
8、而 (1)不译,表顺接关系。乃记之而去;
(2)不译,表修饰关系。隶而从者;
(3)不译,表修饰关系。潭西南而望。
9、游 (1)游动。皆若空游无所依;
(2)游览。同游者。
10、环(1)玉环。如鸣佩环;
(2)环绕。竹树环合。
11、为(1)作为。全石以为底;
(2)成为。为岩。
四、词类活用
1、从小丘西行百二十步。西:名词作状语,向西。
2、下见小潭。下:名词作状语,向下。
3、皆若空游无所依。空:名词作状语,在空中。
4、日光下澈。下:名词作状语,向下。
5、俶尔远逝。远:名词作状语,向远处。
6、潭西南而望。西南:名词作状语,向西南。
7、斗折蛇行。斗:名词作状语,像北斗七星一样。蛇:名词作状语,像蛇(爬行)那样。
8、其岸势犬牙差互。犬牙:名词作状语,像狗的牙齿一样。
9、凄神寒骨。凄:形容词的使动用法,形容词作动词,使…凄凉。寒:形容词的使动用法,使…感到寒冷。
10、如鸣佩环。鸣:使动用法,使…发出声音。
11、心乐之。乐:意动用法,形容词作动词,以…为乐。喜欢的意思。
12、近岸。近:形容词作动词,靠近。
13、隶而从者。隶:名词作动词,跟着。
14、似与游者相乐。乐:形容词作动词,玩了。
五、特殊句式
倒装句:
1、如鸣佩环(正确语序:如佩环鸣) 好像玉环玉佩相碰击发出的声音。
2、全石以为底(正确语序:以全石为底) 小潭以整块石头为底。
3、卷石底以出(正确语序:石底卷以出) 石底向上弯曲,露出水面。
修辞手法:
1、闻水声,如鸣佩环。(比喻) 听到水声,好像玉环玉佩相碰击发出的声音。
2、往来翕忽,似与游者相乐。(拟人) 往来轻快敏捷的样子,好像在与游人相互嬉戏。
3、其岸势犬牙差互,不可知其源。(比喻) 两岸的地势像狗牙那样参差不齐,不能知道它的源头。
省略句:
1、乃记之而去。(省略主语“这番景致”) 于是记下这番景致便离开了。
2、斗折蛇行。(省略主语“小溪的岸边”) 溪水像北斗星那样曲折,像蛇前行那样蜿蜒。
3.以其境过清。(省略主语“我”)我因为它的环境过于凄清。
六、写作特色
1、移步换景
作者在移动变换中带领我们领略各种不同的景致,具有极强的动态的画面感。由小丘到篁竹,由篁竹到闻水声,再由水声寻到小潭,讲述了发现小潭的'经过,充满了悬念和探奇的情趣,逐渐在人们面前展开一幅美妙的图画。
2、寓情于景,情景交融
作者在描写景物时,无不渗透着自己的感受和情怀。这远离尘世的小石潭充满了生机,却无人赏识。而其幽清无闻与自己的遭遇相同,此刻过于清冷的环境更容易激起作者“凄神寒骨,悄怆幽邃”的情感。小石潭景物的幽清美与作者心境的凄清美形成了强烈的比衬,有力地反衬出作者那种无法摆脱的压抑心情,也含蓄地表露了作者对冷酷现实的不满。
七、 虚词的用法
而:1.谭西南而望 (表修饰,可以不译,连词)
2.乃记之而去 (表承接,连词)
乃: 乃记之而去 (“于是,就”的意思,副词)
以:1.卷石底以出 (可不译,或译为“而”连词)
2.以其境过清 (因为)
3.从小丘西行百二十步 (向西)
4.凄神寒骨 【形容词使动用法(凄 使······凄凉)(寒 使······寒冷)
写作背景
柳宗元
于唐顺宗永贞元年(公元805年)因拥护王叔文的改革,被皇帝贬为永州司马,王叔文被害。政治上的失意,使他寄情于山水,并通过对景物的具体描写,抒发自己的被贬后无法排遣的忧伤凄苦的思想感情,成为后世写作山水游记的楷模。 此间共写了8篇知名的山水游记,后称《永州八记》。在第一篇《始得西山宴游记》中作者这样记述当时的心情:“自余为僇人,居是州,恒惴栗。” 《小石潭记》中景语即情语,“悄怆幽邃,凄神寒骨”处的描写,情景交融,很好地说明了这一问题 。《小石潭记》原题为《至小丘西小石潭记》,选自《柳河东集》第29卷(中华书局1974年版)
柳宗元贬官之后,为排解内心的愤懑之情,常常不避幽远,伐竹取道,探山访水。所幸永州的大自然待他不薄,奇形怪异的潭水、小丘、石渠、山涧纷至沓来,美不胜收。 《始得西山宴游记》与《钴鉧潭记》、《钴鉧潭西小丘记》、《至小丘西小石潭记》、《袁家渴记》、《石渠记》、《石涧记》、《小石城山记》并称为《永州八记》
桃花源记译文4
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷,渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
林尽水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光。便舍船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行数十步,豁然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍俨然,有良田美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。
其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人。黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。便要还家,设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语云:“不足为外人道也。”(间隔 一作:隔绝)
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷,不复得路。
南阳刘子骥,高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往。未果,寻病终,后遂无问津者。
译文
东晋太元年间,武陵有个人以打渔为生。(一天)他沿着溪水划船,忘记了路程的远近。忽然遇到一片桃林,在小溪两岸几百步之内,中间没有别的树,花草鲜嫩美丽,地上的落花繁多交杂。渔人对此感到十分诧异。便继续往前走,想要走到林子的尽头。
桃林的尽头就是溪水的源头,渔人发现了一座小山,山上有个小洞口,洞里隐隐约约的好像有点光亮。(渔人)便舍弃了船,从洞口进去。最初,山洞很狭窄,只容一个人通过;又走了几十步,突然变得开阔明亮了。(呈现在渔人眼前的是)一片平坦宽广的土地,一排排整齐的房舍,还有肥沃的田地、美丽的池塘,有桑树、竹林这类的植物。田间小路交错相通,鸡鸣狗吠的声音此起彼伏。在田野里来来往往耕种劳作的人们,男女的穿着打扮和外面的人都一样。老人和小孩,都怡然并自得其乐。
(村里的人)看见了渔人,感到非常惊讶,问他是从哪儿来的。(渔人)把自己知道的事都详细的一一作了回答。村中人就邀请渔人到自己家里去,摆了酒、杀了鸡做饭来款待他。村子里的人听说来了这么一个人,都来打听消息。他们自己说他们的祖先为了躲避秦时的战乱,领着妻子儿女和乡邻们来到这个与世人隔绝的地方,不再从这里出去,所以跟桃花源外面的人断绝了来往。(这里的人)问如今是什么朝代,他们竟然不知道有过汉朝,更不用说魏、晋两朝了。渔人把自己所知道的事一一详细地告诉了他们。听完,他们都感叹惋惜。其余的人各自又把渔人邀请到自己家中,拿出酒菜来款待他。渔人逗留了几天后,向村里人告辞。村里的人告诉他:“(这里的情况)不值得对桃花源外的人说啊。”
(渔人)出来以后,找到了他的船,就顺着来时的路回去,处处都做了记号。他到了郡城,去拜见太守,说了这番经历。太守立即派人跟着他去,寻找先前所做的记号,最终迷路了,再也找不到通往桃花源的路了。
南阳有个名叫刘子骥的人,是位高尚的读书人,他听到这个消息,高兴地计划着前往桃花源。但是没有实现,他不久就病死了。后来就再也没有探访桃花源的人了。
赏析
本文通过对桃花源的安宁和乐、自由平等生活的描绘,表现了作者追求美好生活的理想和对现实生活的不满。
文章开端,先以美好闲静、“芳草鲜美,落英缤纷”的桃花林作为铺垫,引出一个质朴自然化的世界。在那里,一切都是那么单纯,那么美好,没有税赋,没有战乱,没有沽名钓誉,也没有勾心斗角。甚至连一点吵吵嚷嚷的声音都听不到。人与人之间的`关系也是那么平和,那么诚恳。造成这一切的原因,作者没有明说,但从“乃不知有汉,无论魏晋”一句中已隐约透露了消息:原来归根结底,是因为没有一个高踞人民头上为私利互相攻伐的统治集团。这个幻想中的桃源世界,对生活在虚伪黑暗、战乱频繁、流血不断的现实世界中的人们来说,无疑是令人神往的。作者的简净笔触,恰如其分地表现出桃花源的气氛,使文章更富有感染力。当然,这种理想的境界在当时现实中是不存在的,只是作者通过对大同社会的构想,艺术地展现了大同社会的风貌,是不满黑暗现实的一种精神寄托,表现了作者对理想社会的憧憬以及对现实社会的不满。
桃花源中的家庭多为主干家庭(三代同堂),从“其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人。黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。”从“男女”、“黄发”、“垂髫”这三个词便可以看出此点。
文章的结构也颇有巧妙之处。作者借用小说笔法,以一个捕渔人的经历为线索展开故事。开头的交代,时代、渔人的籍贯,都写得十分肯定,似乎真有其事。这就缩短了读者与作品的心理距离,把读者从现实世界引入到迷离惝恍的桃花源。相反,如果一开头就是“山在虚无缥缈间”,读者就会感到隔远,作品的感染力也就会大打折扣。“不足为外人道也”及渔人返寻所志,迷不得路,使读者从这朦胧飘忽的化外世界退回到现实世界,心中依旧充满了对它的依恋。文末南阳刘子骥规往不果一笔,又使全文有余意不穷之趣。
桃花源记译文5
摘 要:《桃花源记》六个译者的翻译思想中都体现着兼顾忠实和可读性的原则,然而,六个译文在理解和表达方面存在很大的差异,在文化因素的处理方面也采取了不尽相同的具体技巧,体现了各位译者对原文的不同认识,充分说明译者在翻译中的核心地位。
关键词:忠实 可读性 理解 表达 文化因素
陶渊明的《桃花源记》以武陵渔人进出桃花源的行踪为线索,以发现桃源、做客桃源、离开桃源、再寻桃源的情节,描绘了一个理想的桃源世界,深受人们喜爱。这篇文章也被多次译成英文。笔者搜集了Herbert A Giles、林语堂、杨宪益、毛荣贵、黄俊雄以及罗经国所译的六种译文。六位译者有以英语为母语的汉学家,有旅居国外的华人学者,也有国内从事翻译和翻译教学的学者、教师,比较他们的译文对文言文的翻译和教学都会有所启发。
一、六位译者的翻译原则 在对六个译文比较之前,首先考察一下这些译者的翻译思想,因为翻译思想往往制约着译者的翻译策略选择,在评价译本时只有把译者的翻译思想和翻译策略结合起来才能做到公正公允。
由这些序言体现出来的翻译思想可以看出,这些译者都基本坚持忠实和可读性的原则,既考虑到要忠实于原文,又考虑读者的要求。在毛荣贵和林语堂的翻译思想中体现着同样的原则。毛译是在评点《桃花源记》的两个译本的基础上的改译之作。译者认为翻译审美活动就是从一种语言(原文)的表层结构开始,由表及里,由浅入深,探明深层结构,再从深层结构转换到另一种语言(译文)的表层结构。在分析《桃花源记》的翻译时他既注重在深层结构上接近原文,也非常注重表层结构的选词美和句式美等。林语堂的翻译思想主要体现在著名的《论翻译》一文。该文提出了翻译的三条标准:“第一条是忠实标准,第二是通顺标准,第三条是美的标准。”三条标准分别对应着译者对原著者的责任、对中国读者的责任以及对艺术的责任。他认为翻译是艺术,“不可不注意于文字之美的问题”。
二、理解的异同 上文我们指出,六位译者的翻译思想中都体现着忠实于原文的原则,理解准确无疑是实现这一原则的首要前提。通过比较我们会发现,六位译者对原文的理解有同有异。
首先,六个译文的题目有同有异。《桃花源记》中的“源”字,本意是“水源”,古代还有“水中平原”之意。按照文中所写,渔人忽逢桃花林,欲穷其林,在林尽水源的'山里发现了一个与世隔绝的地方、一个和乐祥和的社会。“桃花源”所指的就是这个地方,喻指避世隐居或理想中的美好地方。以下是六个译文的题目:
Giles:The Peach-Blossom Fountain
林译:The Peach Colony
杨译:Peach Blossom Springs
毛译:Peach Blossom Spring
黄译:Peach Woods
罗译:A Tale of the Fountain of the Peach Blossom Spring
六个译文题目显示, Giles、杨译、毛译以及罗译选择了相同的侧重点,都突出“泉”,其中Giles用“The Peach-Blossom Fountain”,比杨译和毛译的“Peach Blossom Spring(s)”更接近“水源”之意,罗译“A Tale of the Fountain of the Peach Blossom Spring”形式上最接近于原文,既有“泉Spring”又有“源Fountain”,但这两个词语义有重复。与这四个译本突不同,黄译“Peach Woods”侧重于“桃花林”。林译使用“The Peach Colony”,colony意为“a group of settlers, a separate or separated group”,显然以“桃花源人”为中心的。
题目的侧重点不同,译文语篇的中心因而也是不同的,说明译者对《桃花源记》的故事有着不同的认识。
《桃花源记》原文中某些地方本身存在歧义,不同译者往往有不同理解,例如“男女衣着,悉如外人”一句:
Giles:The dress of the people who passed along or were at work in the fields was of a strange cut.
林译:The dresses of the men and women were like
those of the outside world.
杨译:Their dress was not unlike that of the people
outside. 黄译:The farmers……, dressed in clothes the fisher
man has never seen, all looked like aliens.
毛译:Men and women working in the fields were all clad in outfits of exotic style.
罗译:Men and women were dressed like people out
side.
这里的“外人”一词,本身存在语义上的含混,因此这句话就有截然相反的理解,一种理解是“男男女女的穿着完全像桃花源外的人”,一种理解是“男男女女的穿着跟桃花源外面的人都不一样”。六个译文中,林译、杨译、罗译按前者处理,而Giles、黄译以及毛译则理解为后者。
原文中还有某些“空白”和不确定的地方,需要读者根据自己的经验和理解去填充。例如在渔人穿过山之小口之后,进入桃花源人所住的地方,原文只是描写渔人眼里看到的图景,并没有明确说明这个地方的地貌特征,不同读者心目中自然会有不同的图景。Giles 译文中将此理解为“a new world of level country”,林译理解为“a wide, level valley”,杨译和毛译都直接译为“the place”,黄译中是“a vast plain”, 罗译中则是“an open field”。
再比如,“见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来”一句,需要译者根据自己的理解添加“主语”。六位译者的填充也表现出两种倾向:
Giles:One of the inhabitants, catching sight of the fisherman, was greatly astonished.
林译:They were greatly astonished to see the fisher
man and asked him where he had come from.
杨译:Seeing the fisherman, they were greatly amazed
and asked him where he had come from.
黄译:The villagers were greatly surprised to see the
fisherman, asking where he had come from.
毛译:The fisherman was then spotted by a villager,
who was greatly amazed and asked where he had come from.
罗译:They were surprised at seeing the fisherman,
who, being asked where he came from…
六个译文中,林译、杨译、黄译和罗译都选择复数主语,按“(村人们)见渔人”来理解,而Giles和毛译则选择了单数主语,按“(有一个村人)见渔人”来理解。
三、表达的高低 六个译文在篇章表达方面也是有同有异。在形式方面,如断句、句式和语态的选择以及段落组织方面,各译文间的异同一目了然。例如:“鸡犬相闻”一句,Giles、黄译、毛译都使用了被动语态。毛译在“见渔人,乃大惊”和“自云先世避秦时乱”等处,都使用了被动语态,以“渔人”为中心来叙事。“不足为外人道也”一句,在原文是直接引语,而林译和罗译则采用了间接引语。再比如:“林尽水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光。”六个翻译无论是对原文的断句和译文的组句都不相同:
Giles:He found that the peach trees ended where the water began, at the foot of a hill; and there he espied what seemed to be a cave with light issuing from it.
林译:…, and when he came to the end of the grove,
he saw a spring which came from a cave in the hill. Having noticed that there seemed to be a weak light in the cave, …
杨译:He found at the end of the wood the source
of the stream and the foot of a cliff, where there was a small cave in which there seemed to be a faint light.
黄译:Leaving behind the peaches, he reached the
end of the river. A mountain with a dim little cave came into sight.
毛译:It (the woods) ended at the stream’s source,
where stood a hill. A small cave cut into the hill and a faint light can be seen from within. 罗译:At the end of the wood was the fountainhead
of the stream. The fisherman beheld a hill, with a small opening from which issued a glimmer of light.
有的译文完全以“渔人发现”为中心,偏重于叙事,如Giles和林译,都使用了多个同义动词。有的译文虽然也以“渔人发现”为中心来叙事,但并不忽视“山有小口,仿佛若有光”一句的描写,如杨译和黄译。与其他五个译文相比,毛译独辟蹊径,译文中没有出现“渔人”,而是选择无人称主语句,侧重于客观描写。
六个译文对原文中的一些描写片断的处理显示出它们之间的不同。《桃花源记》中的描写语言生动简练,景物历历在目。没有这些生动的描写,“桃花源”不会成为人们心目中向往的世外之境、理想之乡。例如第一段写渔人发现桃花源的时间、经过和沿途所见的奇丽景色,其中有“芳草鲜美,落英缤纷”八个字,勾勒出一幅富有诗意的画面。对这八个字的翻译,译文如下:
Giles: The beauty of the scene and the exquisite perfume of the flowers
林译: the beautifully grassy ground was covered
with its rose petals.
杨译: The fragrant grass was beautiful to look at, all patterned with fallen blossoms.
黄译: The fragrant wild grass, exceptionally fresh and lovely, was dotted by the dazzling beauty of the fallen peach petals.
毛译:Petals of the dazzling blossoms were falling upon the exquisite carpet of lush grass.
罗译:The fragrant grass was fresh and beautiful and peach petals fell in riotous profusion.
Giles把该句转译成一个名词结构,和“渔人甚异之”合句,这种“模糊化”处理偏重于叙事,淡化了描写,失去了原文描写的生动性,缺乏诗意。其他五个译文都注意到该描写的重要性,但各自所呈现的景色又是不同的,林译、杨译、黄译描写的是静态之景,即“草上覆盖着落花”的景色,而毛译和罗译描写的则是动态景象,即“花儿正飘落在草上”的景色。此外,与林译、Giles、杨译不同,黄译、毛译和罗译都精心选择了形容词,着力于景色描写。
《桃花源记》中另一处描写是渔人进入桃花源中看到的景象,其中“土地平旷,屋舍俨然,有良田美池桑竹之属”一句,六个译文如下:
Giles: … a new world of level country, of fine houses, of rich fields, of fine pools, and of luxuriance of mulberry and bamboo.
林译: He saw before his eyes a wide, level valley, with houses and fields and farms. There were bamboos and mulberries;
杨译:The place he had come to was level and spacious. There were houses and cottages arranged in a planned order; there were fine fields and beautiful pools; there were mulberry trees, bamboo groves, and many other kinds of trees as well;
黄译:Then came a vast plain with neat houses, lovely ponds, mulberries and bamboos dotting fertile land.
毛译:The place he had come to was a wide expanse of level fields, with houses and cottages neatly arranged, surrounded by fine paddies, lovely ponds, mulberry trees, groves of bamboo, and the like.
罗译:The land was flat and spacious. There were
houses arranged in good order with fertile fields, beautiful ponds, bamboo groves, mulberry trees and …
原文这一句描写语言简朴畅洁,六个译文中多个译文使用了Parallelism。相比较而言,其中Giles、黄译和毛译虽具体句式不同,但都较为切近于原文简洁的风格。与原文相比,杨译变化最大,根据罗列事物的不同而断句,使用同一的There be结构形成排比,但与原文相比,译文已经由简入繁。
六个译文对这些描写片段的处理,不仅显示了译文表达上的不同选择和风格,也显示了兼顾忠实和可读性的困难。 四、文化因素的处理 文化因素的处理是文言文翻译中的一个重点,特别是原文中一些涉及历史背景方面的知识往往会使译文读者感到陌生,影响阅读和理解,需要译者采取相应的策略。上文中我们已经指出,Giles的策略是在不影响主要思想的前提下,删除一些大众读者不易拼读的名字和典故。《桃花源记》中涉及文化方面的因素主要是朝代、年号,例如开头一句“晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业”中的“晋太元”,Giles译为:Towards the close of the fourth century A.D.,直接隐去了中国的朝代和年号,代之以具体的时期。黄译前言中也解释了相关的翻译原则,但与Giles不同,该译是“采取超常规的先释义、加词添字后翻译的做法”,所以黄译没有使用年号,而是使用皇帝号和朝代,并在括号里加入具体的时期予以补充,译为:In Emperor Xiaowudi’s years in Eastern Jin Dynasty。其他几个译文则采取了不同的策略和技巧。林译中使用了音译法,译为:During the reign of Taiyuan of Chin,其他三个译文杨译、毛译和罗译采用了相同的策略,即直译(音译)之后又加上注释,但三个译文注释的内容详略不同,杨译、毛译仅注时间,而罗译的注解则较为详细:Taiyuan was the title of the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Eastern Jin dynasty。
原文中还涉及“秦、汉、魏、晋”等朝代,对不了解中国历史的英语读者来说,这无疑会成为理解的障碍。原文如下:
自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来自绝境,…问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。
Giles:… they informed him that their ancestors had sought refuge here, with their wives and families, from the troublous times of the house of Ch’in,…they then inquired about the politics of the day, ignorant of the establishment of the Han dynasty, and of course of the later dynasties which had succeeded it.
林译:They said their ancestors had come here as refugees to escape from the tyranny of Tsin Shih-huang (builder of Great Wall) some six hundred years ago, and they had never left it… They has not even heard of the Han Dynasty (two centuries before to tow centuries after Christ), not to speak of the Wei (third century A. D.) and the Chin (third and fourth centuries).
杨译:They themselves told him that their ancestors had escaped from the wars and confusions in the time of the Qin Dynasty….They asked what dynasty it was now. The Han they had never heard of, let alone the Wei and the Jin.
黄译:…telling him that in order to escape the perse
cution of the cruel dictator Emperor Qinshihuang, their forefathers, together with their wives and other people from the country, came to this place nobody had set foot in. ….Then they asked him what dynasty it was. They didn’t even know there was the Han dynasty, let alone the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
毛译:He was also told by the villagers that their an
cestors brought their families and town folks to this
isolated land while seeking havens in the troubled times of the Qin.
The folks asked about what was in the reign currently, completely in the dark about the fact that the Qin had long been replaced by Han, let alone that the Han had been succeeded by the Wei and the Jin.
罗译:They told him that their families and the village people, to escape from the turmoil during the Qin Dynasty …. They were curious to know what dynasty it was now. They did not know the Han Dynasty, not to mention the Wei and the Jin dynasties. 由此处译文可以看出,Giles和黄译都坚持了与上文“晋太元中”一贯的翻译原则。Giles此处处理得较为简单,直接音译“秦”和“汉”,而对于“魏晋”还是采用模糊处理,使用“later dynasties which had succeeded it”来替代。黄译在处理“避秦时乱”时加词“the cruel dictator emperor Qinshihuang”,并补上具体的年代,有利于读者直接了解“秦时乱”的实际情况。与黄译相同,林译也充分考虑了读者的接受,将“秦时乱”具体化为 “秦始皇的暴政”,并借助世人皆知的Great Wall,消除读者的陌生感。
毛译对“乃不知有汉,无论魏晋”的处理显得与众不同。对中国读者来说,“秦、汉、魏、晋”的更替顺序属于历史常识,因此理解这句话毫无困难,但对于西方读者来说,由于缺乏相应的背景知识,这句话显得很突兀。毛译没有一味追求译文与原文在表层形式上的机械对应,而是使用“be replaced by”和“be succeeded by”交代朝代的更替顺序,无疑有利于读者了解中国的历史,从而更好地理解原文。上文我们已经指出,译者重视深表层的转换,此处的翻译充分体现了这一翻译原则。
与其他译文不同,杨译没有做太多的变化,对编者所说的目标读者:学英语的中国学生来说,理解没有什么困难,但对英语读者来说可能会难以理解。
原文中涉及文化的地方还有“黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐”,“黄发”,旧指长寿的特征,这里指老人,而“垂髫”,意思是“垂下来的头发”,这里指小孩子。“黄发垂髫”指的是“老人和小孩”。此处林译、Giles、黄译、毛译、罗译都直接取其所指义,只有杨译除译出所指义外,还保留了原文的形式,译为:old people with white hair or children with their hair tied in a knot,这里显得过于机械。
《桃花源记》的六个译文前后间隔一百多年,译者背景和翻译目的各不相同,但在其翻译思想中都体现了追求忠实和可读性的原则。然而,六个译文虽然彼此有相近之处,但无论是在文字、文学方面对原文的理解,还是译文的表达都表现出不同的趋向,在文化因素的处理方面也各自选择了不同的策略和翻译处理技巧,这不仅体现了文言文翻译的困难和问题,也体现了译者对原文的不同认识和独特的风格,更充分说明译者在翻译中的核心地位。
参考文献:
[2] 黄俊雄编译.英译中国小小说选集[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,20xx:404-406.
[4] 林语堂译.扬州瘦马[M].天津:天津百花文艺出版社,20xx:
30-35.
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[6] 毛荣贵.翻译美学[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,20xx: 440-441.
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桃花源记译文6
一:《桃花源记》原文
晋太元中,武陵人,捕鱼为业,缘溪行,忘路之远近,忽逢桃花林。夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
林尽水源,便得一山。山有小口,彷佛若有光。便舍船,从口入.初极狭,才通人;复行数十步,豁然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍俨然。有良田美池桑竹之属,阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作,男女衣著,悉如外人;黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来,具答之。便要还家,设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉;遂与外人间隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语云:“不足为外人道也。”
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷不复得路。南阳刘子骥,高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往。未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
二:《桃花源记》译文
东晋太元年间,武陵郡有一个人以打渔为生。(一天)他顺着溪水划船,忘记 了路程的远近。忽然遇到一片桃花林,生长在溪的两岸,长达几百步,中间没有别的树,花草遍地,鲜嫩而美丽,落花纷纷。他非常诧异,继续往前走,想走到林子的尽头。
桃林的尽头正是溪水的发源地,便出现一座山,山上有个小洞口,洞里仿佛有点光亮。渔人于是下了船,从洞口进去。起初,洞口很狭窄,只容一个人通过。又走了几十步,突然(变得)开阔敞亮了。(呈现在他眼前的是)一片平坦宽广的土地,一排排整齐的房舍,还有肥沃的田地、美丽的池沼、桑树、竹林之类。田间小路纵横交错,四通八达,(村落间)鸡鸣狗叫之声都处处可以听到。人们在田野里来来往往,耕种劳作,男女的穿戴跟桃源外面的人完全一样。老人和小孩子们个个都安闲快乐。
(那里的人)看见了渔人,感到非常惊讶,问他是从哪儿来的。渔人详细地作了回答,(有人)就邀请他到自己家里去,摆了酒,又杀鸡做饭 (来款待他)。村里的人听说来了这么一个人,(就)都来打听消息。他们自己说他们的祖先为了躲避秦时的战乱,领着妻子儿女和乡邻们来到这个跟人世隔绝的地方,不再出去,因而跟外面的.人断绝了来往。(他们)问现在是什么朝代,竟然不知道有过汉朝,(至于)魏、晋两朝就更不用说了。渔人把自己听到的事一一详细地告诉了他们。(听罢),他们都感叹起来。其余的人各自又把渔人请到自己家中,都拿出酒饭(来款待他)。渔人逗留了几天后,向村里人告辞。(临别时)村里人嘱咐他道:“(我们这个地方)不值得对外边的人说啊!”
(渔人)出来以后,找到了他的船,就顺着来时的路划回去,处处都做了记号。到了郡城,去拜见太守,报告了这番经历。太守立即派人跟着他去,寻找先前所做的记号,竟然迷失了方向,再也找不到(通往桃源的)路了。
南阳人刘子骥是个志向高洁的隐士,听到这件事后,高高兴兴地打算前往,但未能实现。不久,他因病去世。此后就再也没有人探寻(桃花源)了。
桃花源记译文7
《桃花源记》译文
桃花源记
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
林尽水源,便得一山。山有小口,仿佛若有光,便舍船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行数十步,豁然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍俨然。有良田美池桑竹之属;阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人;黄发垂髫,并佁然自乐。
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来;具答之。便要还家,设酒,杀鸡,作食。村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间隔。问今是何世?乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。馀人各复延至其家,皆出酒食,停数日,辞去。此中人语云:“不足为外人道也。”
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷不复得路。
南阳刘子骥,高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往,未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
译文1(translated and proofed by Rick Davis and David Steelman)
Peach Blossom Shangri-la
During the Taiyuan era of the Jin Dynasty there was a man of Wuling who made his living as a fisherman. Once while following a stream he forgot how far he had gone. He suddenly came to a grove of blossoming peach trees. It lined both banks for several hundred paces and included not a single other kind of tree. Petals of the dazzling and fragrant blossoms were falling everywhere in profusion. Thinking this place highly unusual, the fisherman advanced once again in wanting to see how far it went.
The peach trees stopped at the stream's source, where the fisherman came to a mountain with a small opening through which it seemed he could see light. Leaving his boat, he entered the opening. At first it was so narrow that he could barely pass, but after advancing a short distance it suddenly opened up to reveal a broad, flat area with imposing houses, good fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees, bamboo, and the like. The fisherman saw paths extending among the fields in all directions, and could hear the sounds of chickens and dogs. Men and women working in the fields all wore clothing that looked like that of foreign lands. The elderly and children all seemed to be happy and enjoying themselves.
The people were amazed to see the fisherman, and they asked him from where he had come. He told them in detail, then the people invited him to their home, set out wine, butchered a chicken, and prepared a meal. Other villagers heard about the fisherman, and they all came to ask him questions. Then the villagers told him, 'To avoid the chaos of war during the Qin Dynasty, our ancestors brought their families and villagers to this isolated place and never left it, so we've had no contact with the outside world.' They asked the fisherman what the present reign was. They were not even aware of the Han Dynasty, let alone the Wei and Jin.The fisherman told them everything he knew in great detail, and the villagers were amazed and heaved sighs. Then other villagers also invited the fisherman to their homes, where they gave him food and drink. After several days there,the fisherman bid farewell, at which time some villagers told him, 'It's not worth telling people on the outside about us.'
The fisherman exited through the opening, found his boat, and retraced his route while leaving markers to find this place again. Upon his arrival at the prefecture town he went to the prefect and told him what had happened. The prefect immediately sent a person to follow the fisherman and look for the trail markers, but they got lost and never found the way.
Liu Ziji of Nanyang was a person of noble character. When he heard this story he was happy and planned to visit the Shangri-la, but he died of illness before he could accomplish it. After that no one else ever looked for the place.
译文2(translated by杨宪益)
In the reign of Taiyuan of Jin Dynasty, there was a man of Wuling who was a fisherman by trade. One day he was fishing up a stream in his boat, heedless of how far he had gone, when suddenly he came upon a forest of peach trees.
On either bank for several hundred yards there were no other kinds of tree. The fragrant grass was beautiful to look at, all patterned with fallen blossoms. The fisherman was extremely surprised and went on further, determined to get to the end of this wood. At the end of the wood he found the source of the stream and, at the foot of a cliff, there was a small cave in which there seemed to be a faint light. He left his boat and went into themouth of the cave.
At first it was very narrow, only wide enough for a man, but after forty or fifty yards he suddenly found himself in the open. The place he had come to was level and spacious. There were houses and cottages arranged in a planned order; there were fine fields and beautiful pools; there were mulberry trees, bamboo groves, and many other kinds of trees as well.
There were raised pathways round the fields; and he heard the fowls crowing and dogs barking. Going to and froin all this, and busied in working and planting, were people, both men and women. Their dress was not unlike that of people outside, and all of them, whether old people with while hair or children with their hair tied in a knot, were happy and content with themselves.
Seeing the fisherman, they were greatly amazed and asked him where he had come from. He answered all theirquestions, and then they invited him to their homes, where they put wine beforehim, killed chickens and prepared food in his honor. When the other people inthe village heard about the visitor, they too all came to ask questions.
They themselves told him thattheir ancestors had escaped from the wars and confusion in the time of QinDynasty. Bring their wives and children, the people of their area had reached this isolated place, and had stayed here ever since. Thus they had lost all contact with the outside world.
They asked what dynasty it was now. The Han they had never heard of, let alone the Wei and the Jin. Point by point the fisherman explained all he could of the world that he knew, and they all sighed in deep sorrow.
Afterwards all the rest invitedhim to their homes, and all feasted him with wine and food. He stayed there several days and then bade them goodbye; before he departed these people said to him: “Never speak to anyone outside about this!” so he went out, found his boat and went back by the same route as he had come, all along the way leaving marks.
When he got to the provincial town he called on the prefect and told him all about his experience. The prefect at once sent men to go with him and follow up the marks he had left. But they became completely confused over the marks and never found the place.
Liu Ziji, a scholar of high reputation from Nanyang, heard of this and enthusiastically offered to go out with the fisherman to try again. But he fell ill and died before realizing hisplan. After that on one went any more to look for the way.
译文3The Peach Colony (translated by林语堂)
During the reign of Taiyuan of Chin, there was a fisherman of Wuling. One day he was walking along a bank. After having gone a certain distance, he suddenly came upon a peach grove which extended along the bank for about a hundred yards. He noticed with surprise that the grove had a magic effect, so singularly free from the usual mingling of brushwood, while the beautifully grassy ground was covered with its rose petals. He went further to explore, and when he came to the end of the grove, he saw a spring which came from a cave in the hill. Having noticed that there seemed to be a weak light in the cave, he tied up his boat and decided to go inand explore. At first the opening was very narrow, barely wide enough for one person to go in. After a dozen steps, it opened into a flood of light. He saw before his eyes a wide, level valley, with houses and fields and farms. There were bamboos and mulberries; farmers were working and dogs and chickens were running about. The dresses of the men and women were like those of the outside world, and the old men and children appeared very happy and contented. They were greatly astonished to see the fisherman and asked him where he had come from. The fisherman told them and was invited to their homes, where wine was served and chicken was killed for dinner to entertain him. The villagers hearing of his coming all came to see him and to talk. They said that their ancestors had come here as refugees to escape from the tyranny of Tsin Shih-huang (builder of Great Wall) some six hundred years ago, and they had never left it. They were thus completely cut off from the world, and asked what was the ruling dynasty now. They had not even heard of the Han Dynasty (two centuries before to two centuries after Christ), not to speak of the Wei (third century A.D.)and the Chin (third and fourth centuries). The fisherman told them, which they heard with great amazement. Many of the other villagers then began to invite him to their homes by turn and feed him dinner and wine. After a few days, he took leave of them and left. The villagers begged him not to tell the people outside about their colony. The man found his boat and came back, marking with signs the route he had followed. He went to the magistrate's office and told the magistrate about it. The latter sent someone to go with him and find the place. They looked for the signs but got lost and could never find it again.Liu Tsechi of Nanyang was a great idealist. He heard of this story, and planned to go and find it, but was taken ill and died before he could fulfill his wish. Since then, no one has gone in search of this place.
译文4:(translated by Hightower James)
During the Tai-yuan period of the China dynasty a fisherman of Wu-ling once rowed upstream, unmindful of the distance he had gone, when he suddenly came to a grove of peach trees in bloom. For several hundred paces on both banks of the stream there was no other kind of tree. The wild flowers growing under them were fresh and lovely, and fallen petals covered the ground——it made a great impression on the fisher-man. He went on for a way with the idea of finding out how far the grove extended. Itcame to an end at the foot of a mountain whence issued the spring that supplied the streams. There was a small opening in the mountain and it seemed as though light was coming through it. The fisherman left his boat and entered the cave, which at first was extremely narrow bearly admitting his body, after a few dozen steps it suddenly opened out onto a broad and level plain wherewell-built houses were surrounded by rich fields and pretty ponds. Mulberry, bamboo and other trees and plants grew there, and criss-cross paths skirted the fields. The sounds of cocks crowing and dogs barking could be heard from one courtyard to the next. Men and women were coming and going about their work in the fields. The clothes they wore were like those of ordinary people. Old men and boys were carefree and happy.
When they caught sight of the fisherman, they asked in surprise how he had got there. The fisherman told the whole story, and was invited to go to their house, where he was served wine while they killed a chicken for a feast. When the other villagers heard about the fisherman’s arrival they all came to pay him a visit. They told him that their ancestors had fled the disorders of Ch'in times and, having taken refugee here with wives and children and neighbors, had never ventured out again: consequently they had lost all contact with the out-side world. They asked what the present ruling dynasty was, for they had never heard of the Han, Let alone the Wei and the Cjin. They sighed unhappily as the fisherman enumerated the dynasties one by one and recounted the vicissitudes of each. The visitors all asked him to come to their houses in turn, and at every house he had wine andfood. He stayed several days. As he was about to go away, the people said, 'There’s' no need to mention our existence to outsiders.”
After the fisherman had gone out and recovered his bost, he carefully marked the route. On reaching the city, he reported what he had found to the magistrate, who at once sent a man to follow him back to the place. They proceed according to the marks he had made, but went astray and were unable to find the cave again.
A high-minded gentleman of Nan-yang named Liu Tzu-chi heard the story and happily made preparations to go there, but before he could leave he fell sick and died. Since then there has been no one interested in trying to find such a place.
桃花源记译文8
一、原文
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林, 夹(jiā)岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
林尽水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光。便舍(shě)船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行数十步,豁(huò)然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍(shè)俨(yǎn)然,有良田美池桑竹之属。阡(qiān)陌(mò)交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种(zhòng)作,男女衣着(zhuó),悉如外人。黄发垂髫(tiáo),并怡然自乐。
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。便要(yāo)还家,设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人,咸(xián)来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑(yì)人来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语(yù)云:“不足为外人道也。”
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣(yì)太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷,不复得路。
南阳刘子骥(jì),高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往。未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
二、译文
东晋太元年间,有个武陵人靠捕鱼为生。(一次渔人)沿着小溪划船,往前行,忘记了路程多远。忽然遇到一片桃花林,溪水两岸几百步以内,中间没别的树木,花和草鲜嫩美丽,地上的落花繁多。渔人对此感到非常惊异。(渔人)又向前划去,想走到那片林子的尽头。
桃花林在溪水发源的地方没了,(在那里)便看到一座山,山边有个小洞,隐隐约约好像有光亮。渔人就舍弃船上岸,从小洞口进入。起初洞口很狭窄,仅能容一个人通过。渔人又向前走了几十步,一下子变得开阔敞亮了。只见土地平坦宽阔,房屋整整齐齐,有肥沃的土地,美好的池塘,桑树竹林之类。田间小路交错相通,(村落间)能互相听到鸡鸣狗叫的声音。村里面,来来往往的行人,耕种劳作的人,男男女女的衣着装束完全像桃花源外的世人,老人和小孩都高高兴兴,自得其乐。
(桃花源的`人)一见渔人,竟然大为惊奇,问他是从哪里儿来的。(渔人)细致详尽地回答了他们,人们就把渔人请到自己家里,摆酒杀鸡做饭款待他。村里人听说来了这么一个客人,都来打听消息。(他们)自己说他们的祖先(为了)躲避秦时候的战乱,率领妻子儿女和同乡人来到这个与外界隔绝的地方,不再出去了,于是就同外界的人隔绝了。他们问(渔人)现在是什么朝代,(他们)竟然不知道有汉朝,更不必说魏朝和晋朝了。这个渔人一一的给(桃花源中的人)详细地诉说他知道的事情,(他们)听了都很惊叹惋惜。其余的人又各自邀请渔人到他们家里,都拿出酒菜饭食来款待他。渔人居住了几天,告辞离开。这里面的人告诉他说:“(这里的情况)不值得对外界的人说啊!”
(渔人)出来后,找到了他的船,就沿着先前的路回去,(一路上)处处标上记号。渔人到了武陵郡,便去拜见太守,把这些情况作了禀报。太守立即派人随同他前往,寻找先前所做的记号,结果迷了路,怎么也找不到通向桃花源的路了。
南阳有个刘子骥,是位清高的隐士,听到这个消息,兴致勃勃地打算前往桃花源。没实现,不久就病死了。以后就不再有探访的人了。
三、赏析
文章开始,先以美好闲静、“芳草鲜美,落英缤纷”的桃花林作为铺垫,引出一个质朴自然的化外世界。在那儿,一切都是那么单纯,那么美好。没税赋,没战乱,没沽名钓誉,没勾心斗角。甚至连一点吵吵嚷嚷的声音都听不到。人与人之间的关系也是那么平和,那么诚恳。造成这一切的原因,作者没明说,然而从“乃不知有汉,无论魏晋”一句中已隐约透露了消息:原来归根结底,是因为没一个高踞人民头上为私利互相攻伐的统治集团。这个幻想中的桃源世界,对生活在虚伪黑暗、战乱频繁、流血不断的现实世界中的人们来说,无疑是令人神往的。作者的简净笔触,恰如其分地表现出桃花源的气氛,使文章更富有感染力。当然,这种理想的境界,在当时现实中是不存在的,只是作者通过对大同社会的构想,艺术地展现了大同社会的风貌,是不满黑暗现实的一种精神寄托。
桃花源中的家庭多为主干家庭(三代同堂),从“其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人。黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。”从“男女”、“黄发”、“垂髫”这三个词便可以看出此点。
文章的结构也颇有巧妙之处。作者借用小说笔法,以一个捕鱼人的经历为线索展开故事。开头的交代,时代、渔人的籍贯,都写得十分肯定,似乎真有其事。这就缩短了读者与作品的心理距离,把读者从现实世界引入到迷离惝恍的桃花源。相反,假设一开头就是“山在虚无缥缈间”,读者就会感到隔远,作品的感染力也就会大打折扣。“不足为外人道也”及渔人返寻所志,迷不得路,使读者从这朦胧飘忽的化外世界退回到现实世界,心中依旧充满了对它的依恋。文末南阳刘子骥规往不果一笔,又使全文有余意不穷之趣。
桃花源记译文9
《桃花源记》
作者:陶渊明
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行(xíng),忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
林尽水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光。便舍船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行数十步,豁然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍俨(yǎn)然,有良田,美池,桑竹之属。阡陌(qiānmò)交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作,男女衣着(zhuó),悉如外人。黄发垂髫(tiáo),并怡然自乐。
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来,具答之。便要(yāo)还家,为设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间(jiàn)隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语(yù)云:“不足为外人道也。”
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣(yì)太守,说如此。太守即(jí)遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷,不复得路。
南阳刘子骥(jì),高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往。未果,寻病终,后遂无问津者。
注释
1.太元:东晋孝武帝的年号(376-397)
2.武陵:郡名,1913年更名武陵县,湖南常德一带。
3.为业:把……作为职业,以……为生。为:作为。
4.缘:沿着。
5.行:划船。
6.远近:偏义复词,仅指远。
7.忽逢:忽然遇到。逢:遇见。
8.夹岸:两岸。
9.杂:别的,其他的。
10.鲜美:鲜艳美丽。
11.落英:坠落的花瓣。
12.缤纷:繁乱,交杂。
13.异之:以之为异,即对此感到诧异。异,意动用法,形作动,以······为异,对······感到诧异,认为······是奇异的。之,代词,指见到的景象。
14.复:又。
15.前:名词活用为状语,向前。(词类活用)
16.欲:想要。
17.穷:尽,形容词用做动词。穷尽,这里是走到······的尽头的意思。尽:走完。
18.林尽水源:林尽于水源,桃林在溪水发源的地方就没有了。尽:完,没有了(词类活用)
19.便:于是,就。
20.得:看到。
21.仿佛:隐隐约约,看不真切。
22.若:好像。
23.舍:舍弃,丢弃,
24.初:起初,刚开始。
25.才通人:只容一个人通过。才:副词,只。
26.复:又,再。前:名词活用为状语,向前。
27.行:行走。
28.豁然开朗:形容由窄小幽暗一变而为开阔明亮。然,……的样子。豁然:形容开阔敞亮的样子;开朗:开阔明亮。
29.平:平坦。
30.旷:空阔;宽阔。
31.屋舍:房屋。
32.俨(yǎn)然:(古今异义)古义:整齐的样子。今义:形容很像;形容齐整;形容庄严。
33.之:这。
34.属:类。
35.阡陌交通:田间小路交错相通。阡陌,田间小路,南北走向的叫阡,东西走向的叫陌。交通,交错相通。
阡陌:田间小路。
36.鸡犬相闻:(村落间)能相互听见鸡鸣狗叫的声音。相闻:可以互相听到。
37.种作:耕田劳作。
38.衣著:著,通“着”。穿着打扮。
39.悉:都。
40.外人:桃花源以外的人。
41.黄发垂髫(tiáo):老人和小孩。黄发,旧说是长寿的象征,用以指老人。垂髫,垂下来的头发,用来指小孩子。(借代修辞)髫,小孩垂下的短发。
42.并:都。
43.怡然:愉快、高兴的样子。
44.乃大惊:竟然很惊讶。乃:竟然。大:很,非常。
45从来:从……地方来。
46.具:通“俱”,全,详细。
47.之:代词,指代桃源人所问问题。
48.要(yāo):通“邀”,邀请。(通假字)
49.咸:副词,都,全。
50.问讯:打听询问消息。
51.云:说。
52.先世:祖先。
53.率:率领。
54.妻子:(古今异义)古义:指妻室子女。“妻”“子”是两个词,不是现代汉语的“妻子”今义:男子的配偶。
55.邑人:同乡的人。邑,古代区域单位。《周礼·地官·小司徒》:“九夫为井,四井为邑。”
56.绝境:(古今异义)古义:与人世隔绝的地方。 今义:没有明显出路的困境;进退维谷的境地。 绝:绝处。
57.复:再,又。
58.焉:兼词,相当于“于之”,“于此”,从这里。
59.遂:就
60.间隔:隔断,隔绝。
61.世(“问今是何世”的世) :朝代。
62.乃(“乃不知有汉”的乃):竟,竟然。
63.无论:不要说,(更)不必说。“无”“论”是两个词,不同于现代汉语里的“无论”(古今异义)。
64.为:对,向。
65.具言:详细地说出。
66.所闻:指渔人所知道的世事。闻:知道,听说。
67.叹惋:感叹、惋惜。惋,惊讶,惊奇。
68.余:其余,剩余。
69.延至:邀请到。延,邀请。
70.至:到。
71.去:离开。
72.语:告诉。
73.不足:不必,不值得。(古今异义)
74.为:介词,向、对。
75.既:已经。
76.便扶向路:就顺着旧的路(回去)。扶:沿着、顺着。向:从前的、旧的。
77.处处志之:处处都做了标记。志:动词,做标记。(词类活用)
78.及:到达。
79及郡下:到了郡城。郡,太守所在地,指武陵郡。
80.诣(yì):诣,到。特指到尊长那里去。
81.如此:像这样,指在桃花源的见闻。
82.寻向所志:寻找以前所做的标记。寻,寻找。 向,先前。 志(名词),标记。(所+动词译为名词)
83.遂:终于。
84.得:取得,获得,文中是找到的意思。
85.高尚:品德高尚。
86.士:人士。
87.也:表判断。
88.欣然:高兴的样子。
89.规: 计划。(词类活用)
90.未:没有。
91.果:实现。
92.未果:没有实现。
93.寻:随即,不久。
94.终:死亡。
95.问津:问路,这里是访求‘、探求的意思。津:渡口。
96.世外桃源:比喻理想中环境幽静、不受外界影响、生活安逸的地方。现用来比喻一种虚幻的超脱社会现实的安乐美好的境界。
译文
东晋太元年间,武陵以捕鱼为业。(一天他)沿着小溪划船,忘记了路途的远近。忽然遇见一片桃花林,在岸的两旁有数百步远,中间没有其它的树,花草鲜嫩美丽,落花繁多。渔人对此感到十分诧异,又向前行走,想要走到桃花林的尽头。
桃林在溪水发源地就到头了,(渔人)就看见了一座山,山上有个小洞口,隐隐约约好像有点亮光。(渔人)便舍弃(他的`)船,从洞口进入。起初十分狭窄,仅能容一个人通过。又往前走了几十步,由狭窄幽暗突然变得宽阔明亮。土地平坦开阔,房屋整齐有序。有肥沃的田地、美丽的池塘,桑树竹林之类事物。田间小路交错相通,鸡和狗的叫声可以互相听到。人们在田野里来来往往耕种劳作,男男女女的穿着与桃花源外的人一样。老人和小孩,都十分悠闲,各得其乐。
(村中人)看到渔人,于是都十分惊讶,问(渔人)从哪儿来。(渔人)详细地回答。(村中人)就邀请(渔人)到他们家里去。准备酒、杀了鸡做饭菜(招待他)。村民听说有这样一个人,都来打听消息。他们自己说祖先为了躲避秦时的战乱,率领妻子儿女和乡邻来到这个与世隔绝的地方,不再出去,于是和桃花源以外的世人隔绝了来往。(村民)问(渔人)现在是什么朝代,竟然不知道有汉朝,更不用说魏晋两朝了。渔人把自己的所见所闻详细具体的讲述给村民听。(村民)都感叹惊讶。其余的人各自又邀请(渔人)到自己家中(做客),都拿出酒和饭菜来款待他。(渔人在桃花源中)逗留了几天后,就(向村里人)告辞离开。临别时村民嘱咐他说:“(我们这个地方)不值得对外面的人说。”
(渔人)出来以后,找到他的船,就沿着原先的路回去,一路上到处作标记。到了郡城,去拜见太守,禀告了这段经历。太守立即派人跟他一同前往,寻找从前做的标记,最终迷失了方向,再也找不到通往桃花源的路。南阳的刘子骥,是个高尚的隐士,听说这件事后,高兴地计划前往。没有实现,不久因病去世了。以后就再也没有去探寻桃花源的人了。
桃花源记译文10
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业。
译文:东晋太元年间,武陵郡有个人以捕鱼为生。
缘溪行,忘路之远近。
译文:(一天)他顺着小溪划船,忘记了路程的远近。
忽逢桃花林,夹(jiā)岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。
译文:忽然遇到一片桃花林,生长在溪的两岸,长达几百步,中间没有别的树。花草遍地,鲜艳而美丽,落花纷纷。
渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
译文:渔人对此感到非常诧异。又继续往前走,想走到这片林子的尽头。
林尽水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光。
译文:桃林在溪水发源的地方就到头了,便出现一座山,山上有个小洞口,洞里隐隐约约像是有点光亮。
便舍(shě)船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。
译文:(渔人)于是下了船,从洞口进去。起初,(洞口)很狭窄,仅容一个人通过。
复行数十步,豁(huò)然开朗。
译文:又走了几十步,突然(变得)宽阔明亮起来。
土地平旷,屋舍(shè)俨(yǎn)然,有良田美池桑竹之属。
译文:(呈现在他眼前的是)一片平坦宽广的土地,一排排整齐的房舍,还有肥沃的田地、美好的池沼、桑树、竹林之类。
阡(qiān)陌(mò)交通,鸡犬相闻。
译文:田间小路交错相通,(村落间)鸡鸣狗叫之声处处可以互相听到。
其中往来种作,男女衣着(zhuó),悉如外人。黄发垂髫(tiáo),并怡然自乐。
译文:(人们)在田野里来来往往,耕种劳作,男女的穿戴都跟桃花源外面的人完全一样。老人和孩子们个个都安闲快乐。
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。
译文:( 那里的人)看见了渔人,感到非常吃惊,问他是从哪里来的。(渔人)详细地回答了他们。
便要(yāo)还家,设酒杀鸡作食。
译文:(有人)就邀请他到自己家里去,摆了酒,又杀鸡做饭(来款待他)。
村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。
译文:村里的人听说来了这么一个人,都来打听消息
自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑(yì)人,来此绝境,不复出焉,遂(suì)与外人间(jiàn)隔。
译文:他们自己说他们的祖先为了躲避秦时的战乱,带领妻子和儿女及乡邻们来到这个与世隔绝的`地方,不再出去,因而与外面的人断绝了来往。
问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。
译文:(他们)问现在是什么朝代,竟然不知道有过汉朝,更不用说魏、晋两朝了。
此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋(wǎn)。
译文:渔人把自己听到的一一详细地告诉了他们,(听罢)他们都感叹惊讶起来。
余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。
译文:其余的人各自又把(渔人)请到自己家中,都拿出酒饭
(来款待他)。
停数日,辞去,
译文:(渔人)停留了几天,(向村里的人)告辞离开。
此中人语(yù)云:“不足为外人道也。”
译文:(临别时)村里的人嘱咐他说:“(我们这个地方)不值得对外边的人说啊。”
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。
译文:(渔人)出来以后,找到了他的船,就顺着旧路回去,处处都做了标记。
及郡(jùn)下,诣(yì)太守,说如此。
译文:到了郡城,去拜访太守,报告了这番经历。
太守即遣 (qiǎn)人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷,不复得路。
译文:太守立即派人跟他去,寻找以前所做的标记,最终迷失了方向,再也没找到(通往桃源的)路。
南阳刘子骥(jì),高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往
译文:南阳的刘子骥,是一个志向高洁的隐士。听说了这件事,高兴地计划前往。
未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
译文:但没有实现,不久他因病去世。此后就再也没有探寻(桃花源)的人了。
桃花源记译文11
During the Tai-yuan period of the China dynasty a fisherman of Wu-ling once rowed upstream, unmindful of the distance he had gone, when he suddenly came to a grove of peach trees in bloom. For several hundred paces on both banks of the stream there was no other kind of tree. The wild flowers growing under them were fresh and lovely, and fallen petals covered the ground———it made a great impression on the fisher-man. He went on for away with the idea of finding out how far the grove extended.
It came to an end at the foot of a mountain whence issued the spring that supplied the streams. There was a small opening in the mountain and it seemed as though light was coming through it. The fisherman left his boat and entered the cave, which at first was extremely narrow, barely admitting his body, after a few dozen steps it suddenly opened out onto a broad and level plain where well-built houses were surrounded by rich fields and pretty ponds. Mulberry, bamboo and other trees and plants grew there, and criss-cross paths skirted the fields. The sounds of cocks crowing and dogs barking could be heard from one courtyard to the next. Men and women were coming and going about their work in the fields. The clothes they wore were like those of ordinary people. Old men and boys were carefree and happy.
When they caught sight of the fisherman, they asked in surprise how he had got there. The fisherman told the whole story, and was invited to go to their house, Where he was served wine while they killed a chicken for a feast. When the other villagers heard about the fisherman’s arrival, they all came to pay him a visit. They told him that their ancestors had fled the disorders of Ch'in times and, having taken refugee here with wives and children and neighbours, had never ventured out again consequently they had lost all contact with the out-side world. They asked what the present ruling dynasty was, for they had never heard of the Han, Let alone the Wei and the Jin. They sighed unhappily as the fisherman enumerated the dynasties one by one and recounted the vicissitudes of each.
The visitors all asked him to come to their houses in turn, and at every house he had wine and food. He stayed several days. As he was about to go away, the people said, "There’s' no need to mention our existence to outsiders.” After the fisherman had gone out and recovered his boat, he carefully marked the route. On reaching the city, he reported what he had found to the magistrate, who at once sent a man to follow him back to the place. They proceed according to the marks he had made, but went astray and were unable to find the cave again.
A high-minded gentleman of Nan-yang named LiuTzu-chi heard the story and happily made preparations to go there, but before he could leave he fell sick and died. Since then there has been no one interested in trying to find such a place.
桃花源记译文12
原文
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林, 夹(jiā)岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
林尽水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光。便舍(shě)船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行数十步,豁(huò)然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍(shè)俨(yǎn)然,有良田美池桑竹之属。阡(qiān)陌(mò)交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种(zhòng)作,男女衣着(zhuó),悉如外人。黄发垂髫(tiáo),并怡然自乐。
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。便要(yāo)还家,设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人,咸(xián)来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑(yì)人来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语(yù)云:“不足为外人道也。”
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣(yì)太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷,不复得路。
南阳刘子骥(jì),高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往。未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。、
译文
东晋太元年间,(有个)武陵人靠捕鱼谋生。(有一天)他顺着小溪划船,忘了路程的远近。忽然遇到(一片)桃花林,(桃树)夹在溪流两岸,长达几百步,中间没有别的树。(地上)芳草鲜艳美丽,落花纷纷。渔人非常诧异。再往前走,想走到这林子的尽头。
(桃)林在溪水发源的地方就没有了,(紧接着)就是一座山,山上有个小洞口,(里面)好像有光似的。(渔人)就离了船,从洞口进去。初进时,洞口很窄,仅容一个人通过。又走了几十步,突然(变得)开阔敞亮了。(这里)土地平坦开阔,房舍整整齐齐,有肥沃的田地、美好的池塘和桑树竹子之类。田间小路,交错相通,(村落间)能听见鸡鸣狗叫的声音。人们来来往往耕田劳作,男女的穿戴,完全像桃花源以外的世人。老人和小孩都充满喜悦之情,显得心满意足。
(那里面的人)见了渔人,竟大吃一惊,问(渔人)从哪里来,(渔人)详尽地回答了他。(那人)就邀请(渔人)到自己家里去,备酒杀鸡做饭菜(款待他)。村中的人听说有这样一个人,都来打听消息。(他们)说祖先(为了)躲避秦时的祸乱,带领妻子儿女及乡邻来到这与人世隔绝的地方,不再从这里出去,于是就与外面的人断绝了往来。(他们)问起现在是什么朝代,竟然不知道有过汉朝.更不必说魏晋了。这个人(为他们)详细地介绍了自己所听到的事,<他们听罢)都感叹惋惜。其余的人也请(渔人)到自己家中,都拿出酒饭来(款待他)。(渔人在这里)住了几天,就告辞离去。这里的人告诉(他)说:(这里的情况)不值得对外边的人说啊。
(渔人)出来后,找到他的船,就沿着旧路(回去),(一路上)处处做了记号。回到郡里,去拜见太守,报告了这些情况。太守立即派人跟他前往,寻找前次做的标记,竞迷失了(方向),再也没找到路。
南阳刘子骥,是高尚的名士;听到这件事,高兴地计划前往,没有实现,不久病死了。此后就再也没有问路访求(桃花源)的人了。
写作背景
关于年轻时的陶渊明本有“大济苍生”之志,但是,可谓是生不逢时,年轻的他生活的时代正是晋宋易代之际,在东晋王朝极端腐败,对外一味投降,安于江左一隅之地,统治集团生活荒淫。内部在互相倾轧,军阀连年混战,赋税徭役繁重,加深了对人民的剥削和压榨。在国家濒临崩溃的动乱岁月里,陶渊明的一腔抱负根本无法实现。同时,东晋王朝承袭旧制,实行门阀制度,保护高门士族贵族官僚的特权,致使中小地主出身的知识分子没有施展才能的机会。像陶渊明这样一个祖辈父辈仅做过一任太守一类官职,家境早已败落的寒门之士,当然就“壮志难酬”了。加之他性格耿直,清明廉正,不愿卑躬屈膝攀附权贵,因而和污浊黑暗的现实社会发生了尖锐的`矛盾,产生了格格不入的感情。义熙元年(405),他仓促而坚决地辞去了上任仅81天的彭泽县令,与统治者最后决裂,长期隐居田园,躬耕僻野。
虽然他“心远地自偏”,但“猛志固常在”,仍旧关心国家政事。元熙二年(420年)六月,刘裕废晋恭帝为零陵王,改年号为“永初”。次年,刘裕采取阴谋手段,用毒酒杀害晋恭帝。这些不能不激起陶渊明思想的波澜。他从固有的儒家观念出发,产生了对刘裕政权的不满,加深了对现实社会的憎恨,但是他无法改变,也不愿干预这种现状,只好借助创作来抒写情怀,塑造了一个与污浊黑暗社会相对立的美好境界,以寄托自己的政治理想与美好情趣。《桃花源记》无疑就是在这样的背景下产生的。
桃花源记译文13
原文
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林, 夹(jiā)岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。打鱼的人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
林尽水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光。便舍(shě)船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行数十步,豁(huò)然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍(shè)俨(yǎn)然,有良田美池桑竹之属。阡(qiān)陌(mò)交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种(zhòng)作,男女衣着(zhuó),悉如外人。黄发垂髫(tiáo),并怡然自乐。
见打鱼的人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。便要(yāo)还家,设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人,咸(xián)来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑(yì)人来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语(yù)云:“不足为外人道也。”
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣(yì)太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷,不复得路。
南阳刘子骥(jì),高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往。未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
译文
东晋太元年间,有个武陵人靠捕鱼为生。(一次打鱼的人)沿着小溪划船,往前行,忘记了路程多远。忽然遇到一片桃花林,溪水两岸几百步以内,中间没有别的树木,花和草鲜嫩美丽,地上的落花繁多。打鱼的人对此感到非常惊异。(打鱼的人)又向前划去,想走到那片林子的尽头。
桃花林在溪水发源的地方没有了,(在那里)便看到一座山,山边有个小洞,隐隐约约好像有光亮。打鱼的人就舍弃船上岸,从小洞口进入。起初洞口很狭窄,仅能容一个人通过。打鱼的人又向前走了几十步,一下子变得开阔敞亮了。只见土地平坦宽阔,房屋整整齐齐,有肥沃的土地,美好的池塘,桑树竹林之类。田间小路交错相通,(村落间)能互相听到鸡鸣狗叫的声音。村里面,来来往往的行人,耕种劳作的人,男男女女的衣着装束完全像桃花源外的世人,老人和小孩都高高兴兴,自得其乐。
(世外桃源的人)一见打鱼的人,竟然大为惊奇,问他是从哪里儿来的。(打鱼的人)细致详尽地回答了他们,人们就把打鱼的人请到自己家里,摆酒杀鸡做饭款待他。村里人听说来了这么一个客人,都来打听消息。(他们)自己说他们的祖先(为了)躲避秦时的战乱,率领妻子儿女和同乡人来到这个与外界隔绝的地方,不再出去了,于是就同外界的人隔绝了。他们问(打鱼的人)现在是什么朝代,(他们)竟然不知道有汉朝,更不必说魏朝和晋朝了。这个打鱼的人一一的给(桃花源中的人)详细地诉说他知道的事情,(他们)听了都很惊叹惋惜。其余的人又各自邀请打鱼的人到他们家里,都拿出酒菜饭食来款待他。打鱼的人居住了几天,告辞离开。这里面的人告诉他说:“(这里的情况)不值得对外界的人说啊!”
(打鱼的人)出来后,找到了他的船,就沿着先前的路回去,(一路上)处处标上记号。打鱼的人到了武陵郡,便去拜见太守,把这些情况作了禀报。太守立即派人随同他前往,寻找先前所做的记号,结果迷了路,再也找不到通向世外桃源的路了。
南阳有个刘子骥,是位清高的隐士,听到这个消息,兴致勃勃地打算前往桃花源。没有实现,不久就病死了。以后就不再有探访的人了。
注释
太元:东晋孝武帝的年号(376-396)
武陵:郡名,现在湖南常德市一带。
为业:把……作为职业,以……为生。为:作为。
缘:沿着,顺着。
行:前行,走。
远近:偏义复词,仅指远。
忽逢:忽然遇到。逢:遇到,碰见。
夹岸:溪流两岸。
杂:别的,其他的。
芳草鲜美:芳香的青草鲜嫩美丽,芳:花;鲜美:鲜艳美丽。
落英:落花。一说,初开的花。
缤纷:繁多的样子。
甚:很,非常。
异之:即“以之为异”,对见到的景象感到诧异。异,意动用法,形作动,以······为异,对······感到惊异,认为······是奇异的。之,代词,指见到的景象。
复:继续。
前:名词活用为状语,向前。(词类活用)
欲:想要。
穷:形容词用做动词,穷尽,走到······的尽头。
林:代指桃花林。
林尽水源:林尽于水源,意思是桃林在溪水发源的地方就到头了。尽:消失(词类活用)
便:于是,就。
得:发现。
仿佛:隐隐约约,形容看得不真切的样子。
若:好像……似的。
舍:舍弃,丢弃,文中指离开。
初:起初,刚开始。
才通人:仅容一人通过。才:副词,仅。
复:又,再。
行:行走。
豁然开朗:形容由狭窄幽暗突然变得开阔明亮的样子。然,……的样子。豁然:形容开阔的样子;开朗:开阔明亮。
平:平坦。
旷:开阔;宽阔。
屋舍:房屋。
俨(yǎn)然:(古今异义)古义:整齐的样子。今义:形容很像;形容齐整;形容庄严。
之:这。
属:类。
阡陌交通:田间小路交错相通。阡陌,田间小路,南北走向的叫阡,东西走向的叫陌。交通,交错相通。
鸡犬相闻:(村落间)可以互相听到鸡鸣狗叫的声音。相闻:可以互相听到。
种作:指世代耕种劳作的人。
衣着:穿着打扮。
悉:全,都。
外人:指桃花源以外的世人。(有更好的翻译:另外一个世界的人,因为桃花源人从秦到晋一直与世隔绝)
黄发垂髫(tiáo):指老人和小孩。黄发,古时认为老人头发由白转黄是长寿的象征,这指老人。垂髫,古时小孩不扎结头发,头发下垂,这里指小孩子。(借代修辞)髫,小孩垂下的短发。
并:都。
怡然:愉快、高兴的样子。
乃大惊:竟然很惊讶。乃:竟然。大:很,非常。
从来:从……地方来。
具:全都。
之:代词,指代桃源人所问问题。
要(yāo):通“邀”,邀请。(通假字)
咸:副词,都,全。
问讯:打听消息。
云:说。
先世:祖先。
率:率领。
妻子:(古今异义)古义:指妻子、儿女。“妻”“子”是两个词,不是现代汉语的“妻子”今义:男子的配偶。
邑人:同县的人
绝境:(古今异义)古义:与人世隔绝的地方。 今义:没有明显出路的困境;进退维谷的境地。 绝:绝处。
复:再,又。
焉:兼词,相当于“于之”,“于此”,从这里。
遂:于是。
间隔:隔断,隔绝。
今:现在。
乃(乃不知有汉的乃):竟,竟然。
无论:不要说,(更)不必说。“无”“论”是两个词,不同于现在汉语的“无论”(古今异义)。
为:给。
具言:详细地说。
所闻:指打鱼的人所知道的世事。闻:知道,听说。
叹惋:感叹,惋惜。
余:其余,剩余。
延至:邀请到。延,邀请。
至:到。
停:停留。
辞:辞别。
去:离开。
语:告诉。
不足:不值得。(古今异义)
为:介词,向、对。
既:已经。
便扶向路:就顺着旧的路(回去)。扶:沿着、顺着。向:从前的、旧的。
处处志之:处处都做了标记。志:动词,做标记。(词类活用)
及:到达。
郡下:太守所在地,指武陵。
诣(yì)太守:指拜见太守。诣,到。特指到尊长那里去。
如此:像这样,指在世外桃源的见闻。
即:立即。
遣:派遣。
寻向所志:寻找先前所做的标记。寻,寻找。 向,先前。 志(名词),标记。(所+动词译为名词)
遂:终于。
复:再。
得:取得,获得,文中是找到的意思。
高尚:品德高尚。
士:隐士。
也:表判断。
欣然:高兴的样子。
规: 计划,打算。(词类活用)
未:没有。
果:实现。
未果:没有实现。
寻:不久。
终:死亡。
问津:问路,这里是探访,访求的意思。津:本义渡口。
世外桃源:比喻理想中环境幽静、不受外界影响、生活安逸的地方。现用来比喻一种虚幻的超脱社会现实的.安乐美好的境界。
业:职业
赏析
文章开端,先以美好闲静、“芳草鲜美,落英缤纷”的桃花林作为铺垫,引出一个质朴自然的化外世界。在那儿,一切都是那么单纯,那么美好。没有税赋,没有战乱,没有沽名钓誉,没有勾心斗角。甚至连一点吵吵嚷嚷的声音都听不到。人与人之间的关系也是那么平和,那么诚恳。造成这一切的原因,作者没有明说,但从“乃不知有汉,无论魏晋”一句中已隐约透露了消息:原来归根结底,是因为没有一个高踞人民头上为私利互相攻伐的统治集团。这个幻想中的桃源世界,对生活在虚伪黑暗、战乱频繁、流血不断的现实世界中的人们来说,无疑是令人神往的。作者的简净笔触,恰如其分地表现出世外桃源的气氛,使文章更富有感染力。当然,这种理想的境界在当时现实中是不存在的,只是作者通过对大同社会的构想,艺术地展现了大同社会的风貌,是不满黑暗现实的一种精神寄托。
桃花源中的家庭多为主干家庭(三代同堂),从“其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人。黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。”从“男女”、“黄发”、“垂髫”这三个词便可以看出此点。
文章的结构也颇有巧妙之处。作者借用小说笔法,以一个捕鱼人的经历为线索展开故事。开头的交代,时代、打鱼的人的籍贯,都写得十分肯定,似乎真有其事。这就缩短了读者与作品的心理距离,把读者从现实世界引入到迷离惝恍的桃花源。相反,如果一开头就是“山在虚无缥缈间”,读者就会感到隔远,作品的感染力也就会大打折扣。“不足为外人道也”及打鱼的人返寻所志,迷不得路,使读者从这朦胧飘忽的化外世界退回到现实世界,心中依旧充满了对它的依恋。文末南阳刘子骥规往不果一笔,又使全文有余意不穷之趣。
桃花源记译文14
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业,缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷;渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
Amid the Taiyuan era of Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was a fisherman, a native of Wuling. He rowed his boat along a brook, not mindful of how far he had toured, when suddenly he came across a blossoming peach grove flanking the banks continuously for hundreds of footsteps. The peach grove with no other sundry trees permeated with sweet fragrance, fresh green grass, and falling and fallen blossoms. Amazed by what he saw, the fisherman rowed further, with a desire to explore how far it extended.
林尽水源,便得一山。山有小口,仿佛若有光,便舍船,从口入。初极狭,才通人;复行数十步,豁然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍俨然。有良田、美池、桑、竹之属,阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人;黄发垂髫,并佁然自乐。
When the grove faded away at the end of the brook, he found himself in front of a mountain with a small opening through which a light loomed. He thus left his boat and walked into the opening which at first was found to be so narrow that only one could pass through it. After walking forward for a few footsteps, he discovered that it led to an open air where flat and wide was the land with well-arranged houses, rich fields, beautiful ponds, mulberries, bamboos and the like. He saw the paths intersecting the fields in all directions, and heard cocks crowing and dogs barking. Here, men and women passing back and forth or working in the fields, were dressed like people outside. The grizzled-haired elders and the children with uncoiled hairs looked happy and self-contentede.
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来;具答之。便要还家,设酒、杀鸡、作食。村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云:先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉;遂与外人间隔。问今是何世?乃不知有汉,无论魏、晋!此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食,停数日,辞去。此中人语云:"不足为外人道。"
People were so astonished to see this outsider, and asked him where he came from. After the fisherman answered all the questions, he was invited to their homes where they served wine and killed chicken to offer a feast. When the news of the fisherman’ visit spread out to other villagers, they all came to greet him. Then, they told the outsider that their ancestors, fleeing from disorders and chaos during the Qin Period, had come with their wives and children to this idyllic land, and had never gone out since, leaving themselves secluded from outsiders. When they asked what dynasty it was at present, they had no idea there had been dynasties such as Han, Wei and Jin. The outsider related all he knew in detail, event by event, and they heaved frequent sighs and sorrows. The villages by turns invited him to their houses where he was entertained with wine and food. He stayed for a few days. When he decided to leave, people of this place reminded him, "It's better not to reveal this place to others."
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷不复得路。
After he came out and got his boat, he retraced and marked the route via which he had come. When he reached the town, he visited the prefect, and narrated the whole story to him who immediately sent his pawns to go with the fisherman to look for that place. They followed the marks but got lost and never found the way.
南阳刘子骥,高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往,未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
At this news, Liu Ziji from Nanyang, a gentleman, gleefully decided to seek for that place, but he ailed and died before he could fulfill his plan. From then on, no one else ever quested for that land.
桃花源记译文15
原文
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林, 夹(jiā)岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
林尽水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光。便舍(shě)船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行数十步,豁(huò)然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍(shè)俨(yǎn)然,有良田美池桑竹之属。阡(qiān)陌(mò)交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种(zhòng)作,男女衣着(zhuó),悉如外人。黄发垂髫(tiáo),并怡然自乐。
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。便要(yāo)还家,设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人,咸(xián)来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑(yì)人来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语(yù)云:“不足为外人道也。”
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣(yì)太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷,不复得路。
南阳刘子骥(jì),高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往。未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
译文
东晋太元年间,有个武陵人靠捕鱼为生。(一次渔人)沿着小溪划船,往前行,忘记了路程多远。忽然遇到一片桃花林,溪水两岸几百步以内,中间没有别树木,花和草鲜嫩美丽,地上落花繁多。渔人对此感到非常惊异。(渔人)又向前划去,想走到那片林子尽头。
桃花林在溪水发源地方没有了,(在那里)便看到一座山,山边有个小洞,隐隐约约好像有光亮。渔人就舍弃船上岸,从小洞口进入。起初洞口很狭窄,仅能容一个人通过。渔人又向前走了几十步,一下子变得开阔敞亮了。只见土地平坦宽阔,房屋整整齐齐,有肥沃土地,美好池塘,桑树竹林之类。田间小路交错相通,(村落间)能互相听到鸡鸣狗叫声音。村里面,来来往往行人,耕种劳作人,男男女女衣着装束完全像桃花源外世人,老人和小孩都高高兴兴,自得其乐。
(桃花源人)一见渔人,竟然大为惊奇,问他是从哪里儿来。(渔人)细致详尽地回答了他们,人们就把渔人请到自己家里,摆酒杀鸡做饭款待他。村里人听说来了这么一个客人,都来打听消息。(他们)自己说他们祖先(为了)躲避秦时战乱,率领妻子儿女和同乡人来到这个与外界隔绝地方,不再出去了,于是就同外界人隔绝了。他们问(渔人)现在是什么朝代,(他们)竟然不知道有汉朝,更不必说魏朝和晋朝了。这个渔人一一给(桃花源中人)详细地诉说他知道事情,(他们)听了都很惊叹惋惜。其余人又各自邀请渔人到他们家里,都拿出酒菜饭食来款待他。渔人居住了几天,告辞离开。这里面人告诉他说:“(这里情况)不值得对外界人说啊!”
(渔人)出来后,找到了他船,就沿着先前路回去,(一路上)处处标上记号。渔人到了武陵郡,便去拜见太守,把这些情况作了禀报。太守立即派人随同他前往,寻找先前所做记号,结果迷了路,再也找不到通向桃花源路了。
南阳有个刘子骥,是位清高隐士,听到这个消息,兴致勃勃地打算前往桃花源。没有实现,不久就病死了。以后就不再有探访人了。
赏析
文章开端,先以美好闲静、“芳草鲜美,落英缤纷”桃花林作为铺垫,引出一个质朴自然化外世界。在那儿,一切都是那么单纯,那么美好。没有税赋,没有战乱,没有沽名钓誉,没有勾心斗角。甚至连一点吵吵嚷嚷声音都听不到。人与人之间关系也是那么平和,那么诚恳。造成这一切原因,作者没有明说,但从“乃不知有汉,无论魏晋”一句中已隐约透露了消息:原来归根结底,是因为没有一个高踞人民头上为私利互相攻伐统治集团。这个幻想中桃源世界,对生活在虚伪黑暗、战乱频繁、流血不断现实世界中人们来说,无疑是令人神往。作者简净笔触,恰如其分地表现出桃花源气氛,使文章更富有感染力。当然,这种理想境界在当时现实中是不存在,只是作者通过对大同社会构想,艺术地展现了大同社会风貌,是不满黑暗现实一种精神寄托。
桃花源中家庭多为主干家庭(三代同堂),从“其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人。黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。”从“男女”、“黄发”、“垂髫”这三个词便可以看出此点。
文章结构也颇有巧妙之处。作者借用小说笔法,以一个捕鱼人经历为线索展开故事。开头交代,时代、渔人籍贯,都写得十分肯定,似乎真有其事。这就缩短了读者与作品心理距离,把读者从现实世界引入到迷离惝恍桃花源。相反,如果一开头就是“山在虚无缥缈间”,读者就会感到隔远,作品感染力也就会大打折扣。“不足为外人道也”及渔人返寻所志,迷不得路,使读者从这朦胧飘忽化外世界退回到现实世界,心中依旧充满了对它依恋。文末南阳刘子骥规往不果一笔,又使全文有余意不穷之趣。
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