一、以形式主语it引导的句型。
句型1. It happened(chanced)that +clause. = sb. happened /chanced sth. =sb.did sth. by chance. 如:
It happened that he was out when I got there. 当我到那儿时,碰巧他不在。=He happened to be out when I got there.= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by chance when I got there.
句型2、It seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/ had done 如:(还有动词appear可这样使用)
It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.好像你以去过北京。=He seemed to have been Beijing before.
句型3. It is / was+被强调的部分+that(who)+剩余的部分.如:
It wasn’t until he came back that I went to bed.直到他回来我才睡觉。(一定要注意被强调句型谓语动词否定的转移,及形式)。
It was because he was ill that he didn’t come to school today.只因为他有病了今天没有来上学。(只能用because而不能用for, as 或since)
It is I who am a student. 我确实是个学生。(句中am不能用are来代替。)
句型4、It is high time (time/ about time) (that) 主语+should do / did+其它。(注意从句中的谓语动词用的是虚拟语气)
It is high time that we should go / went home.我们该回家了。
句型5、It is / was said ( reported…)+that+从句. 如:
It was said that he had read this novel.据说他读过这篇小说。=He was said to have read this novel.
句型6、It is impossible / necessary/ strange…that clause.(从句中的谓语用should+do / should have done,其形式是虚拟语气。)如:
It is strange that he should have failed in this exam.真奇怪,他这次考试没有及格。
句型7、It is + a pity/ a shame…that clause.(注意从句中的谓语动词用should do或should have done的形式,但should可以省略。)如:
He didn’t come back until the film ended. It was a pity that he should have missed this film. 他直到电影结束才回来。他没有看到这部电影真可惜。
句型8、It is suggested / ordered/ commanded /…that +clause.(从句的谓语动词用should do, 但should可以省略。)如:
It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.有人建议推迟会议。
句型9、It is/was+表示地点的名词+where+从句。(注意本句不是强调句型,而是以where引导的定语从句。)如:
It was this house where I was born.请比较:It was in this house that I was born.(后一句是强调句型。)
句型10、It is / was +表示时间的名词+when+从句。(注意本句型也不是强调句型,而是以when引导的定语从句。)如:
It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. 请比较:It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States.
句型11、It is well-known that+从句。如:
It is well-known that she is a learned woman.众所周知,她是个知识渊博的妇女。
句型12、It is +段时间+since+主语+did. 请比较:
It was +段时间+since+主语+had done. 如:
It is five years since he left here.他已经离开这儿五年了。
It was five years since he left here.(同上)
句型13、It +谓语+段时间+before+主语+谓语.( before引导的是时间状语从句。) 如:
It wasn’t long before the people in that country rose up.没有多久那个国家的人民就起义了。
It will be three hours before he comes back.三个小时之后他才能回来。
句型14、It is +形容词+for+ sb.+ to do. 如:
It is impossible for me to finish this work before tomorrow.我明天之前完成此工作是不可能的。
句型15、It is +(心理品质方面的)形容词+of + sb. +to do.=
主语+ be +形容词+to do.(常用的形容词有:kind, stupid; foolish, good, wise等。)如:
It is kind of you to help me.=You are kind to help me.你真好给我提供了帮助。
二、定语从句:
句型16、由as引导的非限定性的定语从句。如:
As we have known, he is a most good student.众所周知,他是个很好的学生。请比较:It is well-known that he is a most good student.(前一个是定语从句,而后者是个主语从句。)
句型17、由which引导的非限定性的定语从句。如:
He is a professor, which I have been looking forward to becoming. 他是个教授,那是我一直盼望的职业。(因为先行词professor是表示职业的名词,因此引导词用which,而不用who。(注意:关于which和as之间的比较请看语法的定语从句部分。)
句型18、由where, when引导的定语从句(其中包括限定性的或非限定性的。)如:
This is the house where I used to come.请比较:This is the house which / that I used to come to.
This is the day when I joined the Party.请比较:This is the day which / that I joined the Party on.
说明:关于that与which之间的区别,请看语法中的定语从句。
三、让步状语从句
句型19、No matter what / which / who / where / when / whose+从句,+主句。注意从句中的时态一般情况用一般现在时态。如:
No matter what you do, you must do it well.请比较:Whatever you do, you must do it well. 无论你做什么,一定要做好。
No matter where you go, please let me know.请比较:Wherever you go, please let me know.你无论去哪儿,请通知我。
说明:这两种句型形式不同,而意义完全相同。
注意:I will tell whoever would like to read it. 句中的whoever不能用whomever来代替。因为它即作动词tell的宾语,又作后面从句的主语。
四、条件状语从句
句型20、When / So long as / As long as / Once +从句,+主句。(从句也可以放在主句之后。)如:
As long as you give me some money, I will let you go.只要你给我一些钱,我就让你走。
Once you have begun to learn English, you should learn it well. 一旦你开始学习英语,你应该把它学好。
句型21、主句+on condition that+从句。如:
I will go with you on condition that you give me some money.我和你一起去的条件是你给我一些钱。
句型22、主句+unless+从句.(注意:由于unless本身是否定词,所引导的从句的谓语动词用肯定。)如:
I will go there tomorrow unless it rains.我明天去那儿除非下雨。
句型23、祈使句,+and/ and then+主句。(注意:祈使句也可用一个名词短语。)如:
Use your head, and you will find a good idea.动脑筋想一想,你就会想出一个好主意。
Another word, and I will beat you.你再说一句,我就揍你。
句型24、If +necessary / impossible/ important等,+主句。如:
If necessary, I will do it. 如果有必要的话,我来做此事。
五、原因状语从句
句型25、主句+in case+从句。(in case表示以免)如:
I will take my raincoat in case it rains.我要把雨衣带上以免下雨。
句型26、主句+due to / because of / owning to / + the fact that +从句。如:
He did not come to school because of the fact that he was ill.由于他有病了,所以没有来上学。
六、时间状语从句
句型27、When / While / As +从句,+主句。(关于它们之间的区别请看语法。)如:
When I was in the country, I used to carry some water for you.当我在农村时,我常常给你打水。
句型28、主句+after / before +从句. 如:
They hadn’t been married four months before they were devoiced.他们绘结婚不到四个月就离婚了。
We went home after we had finished the work.我们做完此工作就回家了。
句型29、主语+肯定谓语+until+从句(或时间).请比较:
主语+否定谓语+until+从句。如:
I worked until he came back.我一直工作到他回来。
I didn’t worked until he came back.他回来我才开始工作。
句型30、As soon as / Immediately / Directly / Instantly / The moment / The instant / The minute +从句,+主句. 如:
My father went out immediately I got home.我一到家,我父亲就出去了。
句型31、No sooner +had + 主语+done…than +主语+did. 请比较:
主语+had + no sooner +done…than +主语+did. 如:
No sooner had I got to Beijing than I called you.我一到北京就给你打电话了。
I had no sooner got to Beijing than I called you.
句型32、Hardly +had +主语+done…when / before + 主语+did.请比较:主语+had +hardly + done…when / before +主语+did.
Hardly had she had supper when she went out. 她一吃完晚饭就出去了。
She had hardly had supper when she went out.
句型33、By the time+从句,+主句.(注意时态的变化。)如:
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完了这本书。
By the time you come back, I will have finished this book.到你回来时,我将写完这本书。
句型34、each / every time +从句,+主句. (这时相当于whenever 或no matter when引导的从句。从句也可放在主句之后。)如:
Each time he comes to Harbin, he always drops in on me.每当他来哈尔滨,总是随便来看看我。
七、地点状语从句
句型35、Where +从句,+主句. 如:
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.哪里没有雨水,种庄稼是很难的或者是不可能的。
句型36、Anywhere / wherever+从句,+主句. 如:
Anywhere I go, my wife goes too.无论我去哪儿,我的妻子也去哪儿。
I will go wherever you suggest.你建议我去哪儿,我就去哪儿。
八、目的状语从句
句型37、主句+in order that / so that +从句.如:
I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus.我起得很早,以便能赶上早班车。
句型38、主句+for+sb. +to do.(注意动词不定式复合结构在这儿作目的状语。)如:
He came here for me to work out this problem.他来这儿叫我帮他解出这道难题。
九、结果状语从句
句型39、主句+so that+从句. 如:
It was very cold, so that the river froze.天气很泠,因此河水结冰了。
句型40、So+形容词/ 副词+特定动词+主语+…+that+从句.
So interesting is this book that I would like to read it again.这本书那么有趣,我想再读一遍。
句型41、主语+谓语+such+名词+that+从句.如:
He made such rapid progress that he was praised by the teacher.他进步很快,老师表扬了他。
句型42、Such was + 主语+that +从句.(这是个完全倒装句。)如:
Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.爆炸力这么大,所有的窗户都被震碎了。
十、比较状语从句
句型43、The +形容词比较级……,(主句)the +形容词比较级+……如:
The sooner you do it, the better it will be.越早越好。
句型44、主语+谓语+as +形容词原级+as +被比较的对象. 如:
He is as busy as a bee.他非常忙。
句型45、主语+谓语+the+形容词比较级+of / between …
He is the taller of the two.他们俩人中他高。
句型46、主语+谓语+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+被比较的对象.如:
This room is three times as large as that one.这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。(这个房间比那个房间大两倍。)
句型47、主语+谓语+百分数/倍数+形容词比较级+than+被比较的对象.如:
This city is twice larger than ours.这个城市比我们城市大两倍。
The early rice output in that commune was 200% more than that of 2000.那个公社的早稻产量是2000年的两倍。
句型48、主语+谓语+the size / length/ width/ height +of +被比较的对象.如:
Our building is twice the height of yours.我们的大楼比你们的高两倍。
十一、其它句型
句型49、It doesn’t matter wh-+从句。如:
It doesn’t matter to me what you will do tomorrow.你明天做什么与我无关。
It doesn’t matter whether you will come or not.你来不来无关紧要。
句型50、形容词/ 副词 / 名词(可数单数)+as / though +主语+谓语,+主句.如:
Young as he is, he knows a lot.虽然他很小,但他知道得很多。
Hard he works, I am sure that he can’t pass this exam.虽然他学习很努力,这次考试他肯定不能及格。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.虽然他是个孩子,但他懂得很多。
句型51、Were / Should / Had +主语+谓语,+主句.如
Were I you, I would have gone there yesterday.如果我是你的话,昨天我就去那儿了。
句型52、Only +状语+特定动词+主语+谓语…
Only by this means can I do this work well.只有用那种方式我才能做好此工作。
Only because he was ill did he not come to school.只因为他有病了才没有来上学。
Only then did I realize that I had been wrong.只有那时,我才认识到我错了。
句型53、Not only +特定动词+主语+谓语…but also+主语+谓语…
Not only did he learned English well but also he spoke French very well. 他不但英语学得好,而且法语讲得很流利。
句型54、whether….or…, neither…nor…, either…or…
句型55、主语+doubt+whether + 从句. 请比较:
主语+特定否定词+doubt+that+从句. 如:
I don’t doubt that he will come this afternoon.我确信他下午一定能来。
书面表达解题指导
一、审题
由于每年的高考书面表达均采用提示性写作,故属于控制性作文。它对写作目的、对象、体裁、内容等作了规定熕以,认真审题,必须做好三方面的工作: 1.审文体;2.审要求;3.审人称。
1. 审文体
写作前,首先要弄清要求写何种体裁的文章,然后再考虑语言、语气的选用,是用口头语还是用书面语。一般地,记叙文、说明文、议论文等多用书面语;而应用文,如书信、口头通知、便条、日记等多用口头语。所以,动笔前,一定要审好文体。
2. 审要求
动笔前,花几分钟时间,弄清题目提示的内容、要求(即注意事项)、时间、环境是非常必要的。这样可以避免出现文不对题的离题现象,也可避免因反复而造成时间上的浪费。
3. 审人称
审人称,即弄清楚书面表达要求用何种人称。如:2003年京皖蒙春季高考书面表达(写书信)要求用第一人称(we),有的同学却用了第三人称,以致白白失掉了许多分。又如:NMET2001书面表达亦要求用第一人称来写书信。因此,确立人称是审题必不可少的工作之一。
二、紧扣要点
写作时,一定要切题,抓住中心,紧扣要点。题目要求的内容都应该写进去,以保证内容的完整。
1. 列要点
为了防止在写作过程中遗漏要点,情景中给出的各个要点都要逐条列出。给出汉语提示和要求的,要点可能容易找出;以图画(表)为内容的提示,可能稍难确定,但只要充分发挥自己的观察力,就能正确识图(表)以确定正确的要点。其次,还须加上图画(表)以外的汉语提示要点。
2. 紧扣要点,连词成句
同学们应根据内容要求,确定句子的主语和谓语的形式来连词成句。主语和谓语在人称和数上要一致;要正确使用动词的时态和语态。力求正确地使用词语以及地道、现成的英语句型。这就要求同学们平时要大量阅读典型的范文和英语习作。
3. 紧扣要点,连句成篇
首先,文章的组织包括叙述的顺序、各句之间的逻辑关系、过渡词的正确使用及格式的规范。
叙述的顺序一般是由总体到细节或按时间顺序而定。格式的规范只要稍加注意形成习惯即可。为使文章主题突出、行文流畅、语言优美,应注意上下文逻辑关系的确定和过渡词的适当使用,这对提高整篇文章的档次至关重要。为使文章连贯、自然、流畅,平时训练时,要注意运用并掌握一些表示并列、递进、转折等的过渡词。
其次,句子结构的好坏直接影响意义的表达和文章的质量。
句子结构实际上是要求学生用英文思维,排除中文的干扰。尽量使用简单句,在有把握的情况下,可以使用一些结构较复杂的句子,如使用定语从句、状语从句等。 如果遇到较难的词汇,可采用变通的办法化难为易,化繁为简。有时也可适当发挥,增减相关细节。
只要同学们平时多多练习,并注意运用上述方法和技巧,考试时就一定会写出让阅卷老师满意的、高质量的短文。
英语作文的过程
英语作文是英语综合能力的运用,写作前学 生必须具有初步的写作基础,如基本语法知 识,一定数量
的词汇和正确使用标点符号的 能力等。英语作文要求学生除了具备这些基 本能力外,还应该了解作文的过
程和方式。
一、作文的过程 一般说来,作文的过程需经过审题,收集材 料,列出提纲,扩展成文,检查修改和
定稿 这几个阶段。
1.审题 审题是作文的第一步,只有审清题意,才能 按照题意构思具体内容。 审题就是要把握住题
目的中心和范围,确定 文章的体裁,找出文章的主题。如果审题不 当或对题意理解不全面,就会偏题跑题
,甚 至文不对题。以致全功尽弃。 目前高考中常见的是引导式写作题型。题中 的提示语是帮助理解题意
的重要指导,不能 逐字英译,而要按照提示语的规定和暗示进 行扩展引伸,增添细节,构思具体内容。
另外,还应注意作文要求限定的字数,做到 大致相当。字数太少,会辞不达意,言之无 物;字数太多,表
明文章不够简炼,或是把 不必要写的东西写了进去。
2.收集材料 题目审好后,就可根据题目规定的写作对象 和内容范围进行构思和收集材料。构思时要
注意尽可能地抓住要点,不要溢出题外。如 写“Television”就不要把newspaper的内 容也考虑进去,写
“My School”,则不要把 my family也了拉扯进去。在一篇字数有限 的短文里,在收集材料,进行构思的
阶段更 应该严密地防止出现离题偏题的现象。 在构思的同时,我们最好能把可以想到的与 主题有关的素
材记在纸上。譬如要写一篇题 为“My Mother”的作文,我们可能会想到 以下的内容。
(1) Mother's name, age and appearance
(2) Her personality
(3) Her past and present
(4) Her wish
(5) She and my father
(6) Her daily life and her attitude towards life
(7) Her profession and her attitude towards her work
(8) Good neighbourhood
(9) Her kindnesses to her child and to the others
(10) My deep love for her
这些材料还需要加以选择,将那些与主题无关或 关系不紧密的内容删去;对保留下来有用的素材 予以
进一步的整理与归纳,为列提纲作好准备。
3.列出提纲 把有关的材料整理好以后,我们就可以按照一定 的逻辑次序把它们组织起来,分别放进
确定的几个段落中去,列提纲。如“My Mother”一文的 提纲可以被列成下面这种样式:
(1) Introduction-my mother is the loveliest person
(2) About her age and appearance
(3) Mother as an outstanding worker
(4) Mother at home
(5) Her relationship with other people
(6) Conclusion-I am proud of my mother 如果文章较复杂,提纲还可以列得更细,在每 个大标题
下面各还可以列出几个小标题。
4.扩展成文 列好提纲后,我们就可以扩充内容,将提纲发 展成文章。动笔之前,应先考虑好如何开
头, 如何发展,如何结尾。开头和结束应力求简单 扼要,正文应具体面充实地表现主题。臂如根 据上例
中的提纲,我们就可以写成下面这样; 篇作文:
My Mother
My mother is the loveliest person in the world. She loves me very much and is always kind
and gentle. She is now 44 years old. As she has been busy ever since she was young, she looks
older than she really is. She is beginning to get wrinkles around her eyes and her black hair
is going grey.
My mother is an old outstanding worker in her factory. She often goes to work early and
comes home late. She takes pains to do her work and achieves big successes at her ordinary
post. Because of this, she is often praised as an advanced worker.
My mother is also a good housekeeper. She saves every penny that she can and keep the
house in good order. She is always busy with this or that, and nobody ever sees her idle. She
has too much to do in bringing me up, yet she never makes a complaint.
My mother is kind not only to her own child, but to all other people. She is warm-hearted
and likes to help anyone who is in trouble. She takes delight in doing good deeds for the
people. It is natural for her to get on well with all our neighbours. My mother is liked and
respected by all woh know her. I always think how fortunate I am to have such a good mother.
5.检查修改和定稿 检查修改是写作的一个步骤,因此也是不可忽视 的。文章即使写得很流畅完美,
初稿中也难免会 有拼写、标点方面的错误,因此写好初稿后一定 要反复修改。 文章的修改可以从文章的
文字规范和文章的结构 商方面着手,下面列出的是文章检查时所必须注 意的要点:
(1)句于和段落是否围绕文章主题?
(2)内容和情景是否遗漏?
(3)文章内容的陈述与主张是否合乎逻辑情理?
(4)是否为说明文章主题而列举了一定的事实根 据?
(5)文章内容的层次是否有条理?是否还需要重新 组合?
(6)段落的过渡转换是否清楚自然?
(7)文章是否罗嗦重复?句型是否单调呆板?
(8)用词是否准确、丰富?
(9)文章是否简洁明晰?
(10)句子是否缺少必要的成分?
(11)主语和动词是否配合恰当?动词和名词有否漏掉“s”?
(12)各句的时态是否保持一致?
(13)在语态上,主动和被动是否有混淆?
(14)单词拼写、大小写和标点是否正确? 笔迹是否清楚? 在文章交出之前,不要放松任何修改的机会。
经 过多次完善修改,文章就可以定稿了。仔细抄写 后,还要小心地重读几遍,看看有无误抄之处
如何增加书面表达醒目性
近年来高考英语书面表达采用新标准阅卷,要求考生采用一些高级表达方式来增加文章对读者的吸引力即醒目性,使文章具有一道道亮丽的风景,具有较强的美感。本文拟就如何采用一些好学易用、即学即效的高级表达方式来增强文章的醒目性谈谈自己的看法,以期取得举一反三、触类旁通的效果。
一、写好开篇交待句和末尾总结句,增强文章的照应性。
照应是增强文章可读性的重要环节,写好开篇交待句和结尾总结句,做到首尾呼应,前后相连,可以大幅度增强文章的照应性、逻辑性和可读性。
写开篇交待句时因全文尚未铺开,详细内容尚未介绍,因此可写得笼统一些,但结尾总结句是在全文详细内容介绍后作出的总结,应更具体一点。
如人物介绍式书面表达开篇交待句可笼统写成:Li Ping is a middle school student.末尾总结句则应较为详细地写成:Such is Li Ping,a clever and kind boy.单位介绍式书面表达开篇交待句可笼统写成:Our school is a large one.末尾总结句应较为详细地写成:Such is our school,a famous and successful one.
二、写好常识性语句,增强文章的连贯性。
不少书面表达需要使用常识性语句,这些语句虽然原材料中没有反映,但仍很重要,它们既是重要内容,又起着承上启下的作用,对增强文章的可读性很有好处。如在写通知时,结尾部分可使用常识性语句“Don't forget the time and address.”,“I'm sure you'll have a lot of fun.”或“I'm sure you'll have a pleasant time.”,“That's all,thank you.”;写参观欢迎词时,开头部分可使用常识性语句“You're welcome to visit our city.”,“Now,let me tell you something about our school.”或“Let me introduce something about our school to you.”,结尾部分可用“I'm sure you'll have a pleasant journey.”,“That's all,thank you.”;写人物介绍和单位介绍时,开头部分可使用常识性语句“Now,I 'd like to introduce something about our school /Li Ping to you.”,介绍结束时可用“That's all,thank you.”;写信时可在结尾部分使用常识性语句“Please give my best regards /love /wishes to your parents.”或“Remember me to your parents!”,“I hope to hear from you soon.”或“Waiting for your early reply.”等。
三、巧用过渡性词汇,增强文章的逻辑性。
为了增强文章的逻辑性,同学们应学会使用过渡性词汇,因为过渡性词汇可使文章结构更紧凑,上下文更连贯,逻辑性、可读性更强。同学们除了掌握足够的表示各种逻辑关系的连词之外,还应特别注意使用表示因果关系的thanks to(多亏了),as a result(of)(结果),表示并列关系的as well(as)(和),表示对称关系的on one hand...on the other hand(一方面,另一方面),表递进关系的 what's more(更何况),what's worse或worse than all,worse than ever,worse still,to make the matter worse(更糟糕的是),以及过渡性插入语As we all know(众所周知),As far as I know(就我所知的而言),I'm sure(我确信),I'm afraid(恐怕)。这些过渡性词汇使用场合十分广阔,使用前景十分看好,只要同学们掌握其使用特点,并增强其使用意识,在绝大多数场合都可以有选择性地将其派上用场,从而为增加书面表达得分起到立竿见影的作用。
四、巧用高级语法,提高文章的表达档次。
高考英语书面表达最高要求就是要求考生用一些高级语法来提高文章的档次,提升文章的品位。当然,高考英语书面表达还不算是完整的文章,还只是写作片段,不需要同学们挖空心思,一味追求新、奇、难的语法。同学们应掌握一些表达效果好、使用场合广、操作简便易行的较高级语法,如现在分词作句首状语或句末状语,强调句、感叹句、with复合宾语句型、such as列举句型、Such be总结句型等。这些句型相对简单易学,表达效果也不错,更重要的是,只要同学们掌握其用法特点,并有意识地加以使用,高考一定能巧妙地将其派上用场并为文章增添风采。下面介绍一下这些高级语法的使用特点。
1、现在分词作句首状语或句末状语往往用在描绘性文字中,可以使被描绘的内容显得更为形象、生动。
Seeing a yellow car drive up Third Street,I made a right turn into Park Road.(NMET2000 书面表达参考范文片段)
析:该句成功运用了现在分词作句首状语,生动形象地表达了我一见到黄色小汽车便立即向右拐的应急情景。
I don't know about others,but I used to work even at weekends,doing endless homework and attending classes as well.(NMET2000 书面表达参考范文片段)
析:该句巧妙运用了现在分词作句末状语,生动形象地表明过去我因学业负担过重而感到苦不堪言。
2、Itis/was+...who/that强调句型,适用于强调原句的主语、宾语、时间状语和地点状语,该句型情感色彩浓厚,表达效果好,而且好学易用。
It is English and computer classes that I like best.(NMET96 书面表达参考范文片段)
析:该句出色运用了强调句型,表达了我对英语和电脑特别喜欢的愉快之情,使文章上升了一个档次。
3、感叹句可以抒发内心强烈的感情色彩,适当运用感叹句可以有效增强文章的情感性、感染性和感召性,从而震撼读者内心,引起读者共鸣。
感叹句比较适合用于对人物或单位介绍结束后,情不自禁地对被介绍对象加以赞扬。
How time flies!(NMET98 书面表达参考范文片段)
析:该句巧妙运用了感叹句,表达了对时间飞逝的遗憾之情。
4、with +名词+复合宾语句型的恰当使用也可以增加被描绘内容的生动性和趣味性,从而增强文章的感染性,该句型适合对细节性动作进行描绘。
My brother was riding with me sitting on the seat behind.(NMET97 书面表达参考范文片段)
析:该句巧用了“with +名词+复合宾语”句型作伴随状语,形象地描绘了我兄弟载我骑车时的“潇洒”姿态,暗示着他这次违章载人难逃警察的干预。
5、such as列举句型是使用场合最广的句型,该句型结构精巧,对称协调,是一个难得的好句型,而且只要有强烈的使用意识,同学们在绝大多数高考中都可让其一展风采。
不过such as句型的技术含量高,一定要稔熟其用法。such as列举句型往往用来强调人或物的个数多,需要不完全列举所有事例。该句型使用时前边先用一个总述句说明人或物的个数多,后边列举二至五个不等的并列成分,这些并列成分应短小精炼,对称协调,通常为一个词或一个短语,而不能为一个句子。
I studied quite a few subjects such as Chinese,maths,English,physics,chemistry and computer.(NMET96书面表达参考范文片段)
析:该句用such as列举句型说明了我的学习科目很多,而且结构巧妙,对称和谐。
I can follow my own interests such as reading books,visiting museums and taking computer lessons.(NMET2001 书面表达参考范文片段)
析:该句巧妙运用了such as列举句型,结构精巧工整,意义明确协调,堪称上乘佳句。
6、Such be总结句型适合使用于人物/单位介绍式书面表达的末尾对人物或单位进行总结,只要做有心人,在高考中使用该句型的可能性也是很大的。
Such be后边需接名词,名词后边需接同位语,同位语和被修饰名词之间常用逗号隔开。
Such is Sun Shuwei,a hardworking and successful diving star.(MET91 书面表达参考范文片段)
Such is our present life,a happy and colorful one.(NMET2001 书面表达参考范文片段)
析:该句巧用了Such be总结句型,表达了减负后学校生活的重大变化,使读者对减负给学校生活带来的变化有了一个更全面、更准确的了解。
写作:结构需严密 行文要连贯
虽然这篇文章是针对02年高考的,但对于写作也有很大的帮助.
日前,教育部考试中心公布了《2002年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试说明》。从英语学科来看,今年的《考试说明》与2001年相比,在命题原则、考试内容、考试题型、分值分配等方面基本没有大的变化,体现了高考命题的稳定性和连续性。
有关写作,我们首先看一看2000年和2001年高考中的两篇满分作文。
Sample WritingI(2000)
①At 7:15 a.m. on the morning of Feb.8th,2000,I was heading east on the south side of the Park Road,taking my morning walk as usual.②I saw an old man on the other side of the road outside the gate of the City Park.③He was just crossing the street when a car on the 3rd Street made a sudden right turn at the crossing.④The car was so fast that the old man even didnt have time to dodge and the car hit the elderly hard.⑤I thought the driver would have stopped to help,but she didn't.⑥Instead,she just drove off,leaving the old man still lying on the ground in pain.⑦Fortunately,I noted down the details:it was a yellow car,the plate number of which was AC864,and the driver was a young lady.⑧After that,I went over to check out the old man.(30分)
Sample Writing II(2001)
①I'm very pleased to tell you the change s of my life since reduction of learning load was brought in.②But before that,I was often exhausted at weekends.③I attended school and had classes the whole day.④In the evening,I was often forced to do my boring homework and I could not go to bed until 11:30.⑤Since the program of reducing learning load was introduced,my life,however,has been much more interesting.⑥I frequently pay a visit to museums,drop in at computer rooms and draw pictures in my leisure(=spare)time.⑦After lunch,I watch TV,read stories and look through newspapers to enrich my horizon.⑧No longer do I stay up;on the contrary,I go to bed at about 10p.m.⑨Inshort,I am quite satisfied with my life now.(25分)
上面两篇文章都有一些共同的特点:内容充实,要点全面;语言丰富,文字优美;行文连贯,思路清晰,过渡自然,均为满分作文。我们认为,考生要想在高考写作中取得理想的分数,必须明确高考写作考查的形式。
本人曾参加过2000年和2001年高考北京地区英语阅卷工作。从阅卷的情况来看,老师们更多地是从整体上或者说从宏观上把握整篇文章,比较侧重于语言文字的运用,但是这并不意味着考生要刻意去写一些花哨的东西。要在写作中获取一个比较理想的分数,考生应该从以下几个方面入手:
首先,考生要明确考试的写作要求,主要是说明文字型、图表型和图画型三种类型,对写什么(作文内容或要点),怎么写(行文和语言)在头脑里面应该有一个清醒的思路。从阅卷的情况来看,很多考生没有认真思考,动笔就写,在写作的过程当中或者在检查的时候发现一些错误,不得不进行修改,由于考试时不准使用涂改液和胶条,致使卷面多处用圆珠笔或钢笔涂改,严重影响卷面整洁,也影响了考生的实际成绩。
其次,考生应该从遣词造句角度多下工夫。词法上,要尽可能地运用已经学过的而且比较熟练的词组、短语或成语,要在使用动词、非谓语动词、副词和词语活用等方面多用笔墨;句法句式上,要求变换各种句式,如强调句、倒装句、感叹句、省略句、各种从句和固定句型等,长句和短句交错使用。需要强调的是,考生务必确保在没有错误的前提下作一些适当发挥。
第三,行文连贯是阅卷教师比较看重的一个方面。为了使文章在整体上结构严密,浑然一体,增强文章的说服力和感染力,考生应该在句子与句子之间,甚至段落与段落之间,恰当地使用一些过渡性词语。
另外,考生很容易犯的一个错误是,在写出若干个句子以后不使用连接词或连词,出现“run-onsentence”(连续句)现象,这是英语写作的大忌。考生一定要牢记,在英语书面表达中一定要用一个连词或连接词连接两个句子(当然,有时用一个分号要连接两个句子),两个连词连接三个句子,三个连词连接四个句子,依次类推。
在交卷前,考生务必将写完的作文阅读两遍,认真检查是否有语法和拼写方面的错误,是否有动词时态、语态方面的错误,是否有中式英语等等,因为上述任何错误都会影响考生的最后成绩。
高考名师谈外语作文题如何得高分
六年的高考书面表达题予以重温,进行热身赛。考生在热身练习中应注意以下四点:
1、学会审题。首先要明确文体:书信、自荐信、日记、通知(书面或口头)、报告、报导、讲演稿、欢迎辞等。其次要明确话题,找出中心思想和重点内容,力求切中题意。
2、注意划线、标出要点。如果是提纲或表格形式,则应在要点下划线,做适当的标记。如果是图画,则可直接在图画旁边标出简短的词语和短句。这样实际上已经打下一个简单的草稿了。
3、整理思路。首先要将考题所给的信息加以整理:是按时间顺序还是按空间顺序?是否需要分段?是用第一人称还是第二人称?是用什么时态和语态?其次要理清思路:是在何处运用恰当的连接成分使整个语篇更加连贯?是在何处运用从句、分词、不定式、动名词等手段使某个句子增添华彩?
4、注意表达准确、得体。书写清晰,标点正确,力求不在卷宗面上涂改。如果某个词语想不出来(或用英语表达不得体),应想法换一种说法或变成一个句子去写。考生一般不必去数词数,但在估计上力争突破100词,宁可长一点。写完全文之后应注意检查,就像做“改错”一样,纠正必改的错误(但要注意卷面整洁)。
下面是NMET2001书面表达题:假设你是李华,你澳大利亚朋友Dick听说中国的中小学生正在减轻学生的学习负担,来信询问有关情况。请你根据下表提供的信息,写一封回信,谈一谈减负给你的学习和生活带来的变化。周末活动(减负前)周末活动(减负后)白天:上课、做作业参观博物馆、学习电脑、绘画晚上:做作业看新闻读书看报就寝时间:11:30就寝时间:10:00
审题:文体是书信;话题是“减负”。思路:八个句子。
参考答案和写法点评:
第一句:You want to know what is going on in schools in china?对应对方的询问,运用一般陈述句式的疑问句。
第二句:In short,things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learningload.总括减负带来的变化,短语call on运用得体。
第三句:I don`t know about others,but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well.说白天减负前的情况,句末as well用得语言很娴熟。
第四句:Now I have more free time.可起到承上启下的作用。
第五句:I can follow my own in terests such as reading books,visiting museums,and taking computer lessons.
第六句:In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read news papers.晚上减负后的情况,省略减负前的“做作业”的内容。
第七句:What`s more,I can go to bed earlier.体现概括能力。避免重复介绍两个就寝时间。
第八句:As far as I know,everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.总结全文。As far as I know表达准确。
怎样写好英文日记
英文日记是中学英语书面表达的重要内容,也是高考的重要考点,写好英文日记应注意以下几点:
一、熟悉具有自我特色的语言语法规律,提高表达的准确性。
因为英文日记记述当天已发生的事情,因此在时态上体现一般过去时的特点,根据实际需要有可能个别句子使用过去进行时,同学们一定要熟悉这一时态特点,将一般过去时的时态落实到所适应的每个句子中去。但是日记的最后有可能交待写日记时的感受,可用一般现在时,如日记末尾常出现Now I feel very glad because I have done a good deed.之类的句子,不过该内容也可理解为所述事件发生时的感受,从而表达为:At that time I felt very glad because I had done a good deed.这两句中的时间状语Now和At that time表明两句所用时态是完全正确的。
日记多记述当天发生的有意义的事件,因此常可使用一些具有自我特色的单词、短语和句型,如:hold(举行)、attend(参加)、be present at(出席)、be divided into a few groups to have a discussion(分组讨论)、on one's way to(在某人去某地途中)、happen to(事件发生在……身上)、cross the street(过街)、help sb.to do sth.(帮助某人做某事)、be thankful to sb.或 express one's thanks to sb.for sth.或thank sb.for sth.(因某事对某人表示感激)、be late for(迟到)、do a good deed(做一件好事)等。同学们一定要熟悉这些显示英文日记自我特色的单词、短语和句型,并将这些单词、短语和句型稔熟于心,同时还应加强使用意识,确保在适当场合有选择地加以运用。
二、写好具有自我特色的开篇交待句和末尾总结句,提高文章的照应性。
英文日记往往记述一件特别有意义的事件,因此开篇交待句可简单介绍一下这一事件,如:Today I visited a farm.(NMET98书面表达参考答案开篇交待句)英文日记也可以记叙重大节日的活动,因此其开篇交待句可简单介绍一下这一节日,如:It is Tree Planting Day today.英文日记的末尾总结句往往交待从所述活动中获得的收获,其末尾总结句往往简单介绍这一收获,如:Today Ifeel very glad because Ihave learned a lot from the visit.I feel very glad now because this activity benefits me very much.I decide to do more good deeds for people.
三、写好具有自我特色的过渡性词汇,增强文章的逻辑性。
不少同学写英文日记时,只重事件的表达,而忽略语句的连贯,他们往往记不得使用或不会使用具有自我特色的过渡性词汇,结果写出来的文章缺乏连贯性和逻辑性,影响了文章的可读性。显然,同学们应学会使用过渡性词汇。英文日记以记述事件过程为主,因此往往以时间为写作线索,所以同学们应着重使用表时间的过渡性词汇,如first,then,at last/finally;at that time,now;in the morning,at noon,in the afternoon等;介绍在某一地点从事某活动而交待位置变化时,同学们应着重使用表地点的过渡性词汇,如:here /there,on either /every side of或on both /all sides of,on the one side,on the other side。
四、大胆使用高级表达方式,提高文章的醒目性。
不少同学写英文日记时句式单调,枯燥乏味,缺乏美感,缺乏醒目性。显然,为提高书面表达醒目性,同学们应大胆使用一些常见但较高级的表达方式。同学们可使用感叹句,如:Whatan interesting and instructive day today!同学们也可使用with复合结构,如:I rode my bike across the street with my brother sitting on the back.同学们还可使用强调句型,如:It was early in the morning that we started.
英语写作20字诀
Twenty-word formula (英语写作20字诀)
Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致,关系代词与先行词的一致。
Ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。
Brief: 文章"简为贵",要抓住要点,简明扼要。
Coherence: 文理通顺,前后连贯。
Development: 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。
Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当,划分要清楚,避免使用重复字句和种子片段。
Figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。
Inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。
Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题,每段都应有主题句。
Logical: 内容要符合逻辑。
Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。
Omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。
Proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。
Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。
Relevant: 文章一定要要题。
Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。
Strait: 开门见山,直来直去。
Style: 文体恰切,适合内容要求。
Tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。
Theme: 选题得当,主题突出。
高考书面表达常见错误范例点击
高考书面表达题的目的是为了测试考生的英语表达能力,看其是否能够运用学过的英语知识和掌握的技能进行书面思想交流。从近年高考英语试题来看,书面表达为"情景作文"、 "控制作文"或指导性写作,即根据所给情景和提示(包括图画、图表、提纲和短文)写一篇 100字左右的短文,内容涉及一般人际交往和日常生活,体裁通常为书信、日记、通知、简介和描述故事等。
"书面表达"不同于普通作文,无须在审题、立意、选材乃至布局谋篇,谴词造句上酝酿、斟酌。它只要求根据题中的汉语提示或说明来确定体裁,然后用自己最熟悉,最有把握的词语和句型将题中所规定的内容要点加以表达,进而串联成文。其次,"书面表达"又不同于翻译。也就是说,不能简单地将汉语提示逐句译成英语。在具体写作过程中,要做到内容切题、文理通顺、语言准确。
要求是多方面的,归纳起来,要注意以下几点:
(1)认真审题,确定体裁,明确表达要点;
(2)紧紧围绕内容要点表达,既不添枝加叶,又不遗漏要点;
(3)谴词造句必须符合语言规范,切忌硬译、乱译、避免中文式的英语,或根据语法编造一些不地道的语言;(4)扬长避短,注意语言的灵活运用;
(5)正确使用时态、语态、标点符号和字母的大小写,注意主谓一致和单词拼写的准确性。
(6)力求做到内容完整、文字通达、书写规范、条理清楚、卷面整洁、篇幅适中。
【范例点击】
(一) (NMET2001)
假设你是李华,你的澳大利亚朋友Dick听说中国的中小学正在减轻学生的学习负担,来信询问有关情况。请你根据下表提供的信息,写一封回信,谈一谈减负给你的学习和生活带来的变化。
注意:
1.词数100左右;
2.开头已为你写好。
生词:减轻学习负担-reduce learning load
(学生习作)
Dear Dick:
How nice to hear from you again. You want ① know what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have begun to improve ② when schools were called on to reduce learning load. I don't know about ③ the others, but I used to have to work even at ④ weekend doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have free time. I can follow my own ⑤ interest such as reading books, visiting museums, and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. What's more, I can go to bed earlier.
As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.
Best wishes
Yours,
Li Hua
[修改与点击]
①修改鴚ant后加to。
【点击】want后不能直接跟动词原形作其宾语,应接带to的动词不定式。本句还可以这样表达:Would you like to know what is going on in schools in China? You want to know something about our studies in schools in our country?
②修改将when改为since。
【点击】这是现在完成时中很常用的一个句型。
类似的说法还有:
Great changes have taken place in our studies since schools were called on to reduce learning load. Things have been quite different in our studies since our schools were demanded to reduce learning load.
③修改去掉the。
【点击】others在表示泛指时,其前通常不用冠词。
④餍薷磨将weekend改为weekends。
【点击】本句应指多个周末。这一句还可以这样表达:
Before reducing learning load,I had to not only do a lot of homework but also attend classes at weekends. Only after calling on to reduce learning load can we have our own weekends, because we had endless homework to do and many different classes to attend at weekends before that.
⑤修改将interest改为interests。
【点击】本句应指多种兴趣。